Mendez vs Westminster Essay

We all know of the famous trial that happen on May 17, 1954, a trial that ended all segregation in school districts all over the United States of America. With this law being enforce by the 14th amendment, it change the whole nation, colored people were now being allowed to enter into real academic schools, and compete for a better future. Of course I am talking about the Oliver Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, better known as Brown vs. the Board of Education. Even though this trial was a large stepping stone in the United States, it was not the first attempt at the desegregation of the school system. There was another case that was the creation of Brown vs. the Board of Education. This case has been forgotten over time due to the huge popularity of Brown vs. the Board of Education. Even though Brown vs. the Board of Education was more popular, both cases were important and had a large amount of similarities. The only differences were that the first was fought seven years prior to the second and a difference of ethnicity. Both cases were important in many ways, the only problem is, why is it that only one is credited and the other not? Both cases were fought for the same reason. Mendez vs. Westminster was the first big court case that stopped segregation in all the schools systems of the state of California. The reason I say this is the stepping stone of Brown vs. the Board of Education is because The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in the favor of Mendez vs. Westminster, which concluded to the desegregation of schools all over California; this was the stepping stone to Brown vs. the board of Education because it was seven years prior to the ruling of Brown. The Mendez case was used to back up the Brown vs. Board of Education case and helped shape the ideas of a young NAACP attorney, Thurgood Marshall, it very surprising to people to see that Thurgood Marshall was also a lawyer in the Mendez case. You may be thinking that only LULAC (which is a Latino organization) was the only one involved with this case; but as you now know, the NCAAP contributed their part (Maria Blanco, The Lasting Impact of Mendez v. Westminster in the Struggle for Desegregation, Thu, Mar 25, 2010, http://www. immigrationpolicy. rg/perspectives/lasting-impact-mendez-v-westminster-struggle-desegregation). This was great because it forced two different ethnicities and cultures join together for the same cause, which was to have the same education as white individuals and to desegregate school campuses. We are going to be looking more into the history of the trial Mendez vs. Westminster, as well as how and why it started and similarities between both the Mendez case, a s well as the Brown Case. On April 1947 there was a decision ruling on the Mendez vs. the Board of Education. The United States of America Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit in San Francisco ruled in favor of Mendez and the other parents that stood up to the Westminster School District. Judge McCormick stated that â€Å"according to California Laws the segregation of Mexican-American public school children in the absence of a state law mandating their segregation violate California law as well as the equal protection of the law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution (A History of Mexican Americans in California, Wed, Nov 17 2004 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www. cr. nps. gov/history/online_books/5views/5views5h99. htm)†. The reason this lawsuit did not go all the way to the Supreme Court was because in the Court’s ruling, it noted that the United States Supreme Court’s segregation decisions were not controlling because, at this time, there was no Hispanic race; In this era all Mexican Americans were considered Caucasian. â€Å"The key fact . . . was that California’s Education Code did not specifically provide for segregation of children of Mexican origin. . . . And since California law did not allow for separate Mexican schools, the requirement that children at tend such schools could be considered arbitrary action taken without ‘due process of law. †(Charles Wollenberg, All Deliberate Speed, 1976, p. 127) This case could not have gone to the Supreme Court because the law of the state said nothing about segregating Mexican Americans in the Constitution (http://www. cr. nps. gov/history/online_books/5views/5views5h99. htm)†. On Brown vs. the Board of Education it was a little different, because Black was considered a different race; and according to the Plessey vs. Ferguson case of 1896, it states it could segregate a race, as long as it provides a separate but equal law (http://www. cr. nps. gov/history/online_books/5views/5views5h99. tm). Now that we know a little bit more information about the trial, lets learn why all the Mexican American parents got together in order for their kids to get the same education as all the other Caucasian kids in the neighborhood. It all started in the late 1920s-1930s. As the Mexican and Mexican American population started to increase in California, more white Americans started getting scared; this led to segregation in schools. Not only were schools getting segregated but housing was also being segregated as well (Maria Blanco, The Lasting Impact of Mendez v.  Westminster in the Struggle for Desegregation, pg. 2 Thu, Mar 25, 2010). It all started in 1945 with Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez, who were new to the city and had just moved to a farm in Westminster. The reason they moved to Westminster was because they had leased a farm there from a Japanese family, due to Roosevelt’s executive order 9066. As the Mendez family sent their kids to the public school closest to their neighborhood one early morning, which was the Seventeenth Street School, Westminster, in Orange County. The parents were shocked when both kids had to return, because they could not attend the school do to their race. They had to attend the Mexican American School that was further away. That was not the only case, the Mexican American schools that were built for the children, were unethical. The 17th Street School was not only brand new, but it also had had a beautiful playground, it had a nice cafeteria, it had good educators that could help the students, and do not forget a non-electronic fence. How could you compare that with Hover, which was the Mexican school? Hover was old and next to a cow pasture that was made out of old barracks WESTCOTT, JOHN. â€Å"OUR LEGACY: MILLENNIUM MOMENTS Family Rejected `Mexican School’; Mendez Vs. Westminster Ended State Segregation Ahead of U. S: MORNING Edition. † Orange County Register,1999). Robbie who was one of the Mexican American students, that was supposed to attend 17th Street School, but because of his ethnicity had to go to the other school Hover explains his experience, â€Å"†¦It was a terrible little shack, I don’t even remember having any monkey bars or any swings or anything like that to play with. In fact when we had to eat lunch, we would go outside and eat lunch at the tables that were next to the cow pasture. There was wire around the cow pasture to keep the cows out, but it was electrocuted. There was a little bit of electricity; at that time it was allowed to have a little bit of electricity on the wires to keep the cows from getting too close to the fence†¦ (Espinosa, Martina, California hidden curriculum: institutional Discrimination in the Fourth Grade, pg. 57)†.

4d Scheduling the Future of Planning?

4D Scheduling; The Future of Planning? The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with an understanding of the concept of 4D Scheduling, how and where it is used, whether it is currently of benefit to the construction industry and can it revolutionise planning in a positive manner for small, medium and large scale construction Projects. What is it? 4D Scheduling is a Programme which allows the Project Plan to interface with 3D software and build a live model which displays the Project Progress in real time.The 4D planning tool is used at Tender and Preconstruction stages, kept live throughout the project and reviewed upon completion to assess Project Success. To understand how the Programme interfaces and accurately reflects progress we first need to define and understand Building Information Modelling. Building Information Modelling is a building design and documentation system based on coordinated, reliable, high quality information.This system enables the design and constr uction teams to create and manage information about a project consistently and reliably across the scope of the project. This information is stored in a unique model which ensures the information is coordinated, consistent and complete. Traditionally Building Projects were illustrated with manually created drawings, information was added to these illustrations by using motes and specifications. As CAD technology progressed this system became automated, though the output remained the same.The development of the Building Information Modelling methodology has created a new way of thinking and working. It gives us ability to model with objects and minimizes tedious drafting by allowing one 3D object handle multiple 2D representations when placed in an object. The coordinated data represented in the model allows us to visualize and analyse designs and make better informed decisions. Building Information modelling supports large team workflows to improve project understanding and enable t he team to predict more likely outcomes.The visibility which the BIM provides to all Project Team members contributes to the overall success of the Project through better coordination, improved accuracy and an ability to make informed decisions earlier in the Project. 4D BIM uses 3D CAD or 3D modelling and links individual 3D parts or assemblies with the project delivery timeline to add time; the fourth dimension, to the BIM. This management technique vastly improves the project management and delivery of construction project of any size or complexity. 4D Scheduling/ModellingA 4D model incorporates a 3D/BIM with a Project Schedule so that all Stakeholders can visualise the sequence of Construction. The model may be created to varying levels of detail, from high level zone analysis during the design phase( this can be useful for allowing foremen, area owners and Health and Safety agree on areas of responsibility and ownership), to detailed breakdowns for use by subcontractors so they can coordinate their own activities during construction of a project. This same model can be updated and maintained through the duration of the project based on an updated schedule and 3D model.The 4D elements are created by linking pre made 3D components to an activity in the Project Schedule. For example Task 1 is to erect 400m of Perimeter fencing. For every 10% which is completed on the Project Schedule, 40m of fencing will appear on the graphic. One aspect of 4D scheduling which is of particular aid to Planners is that it allows them to visualise a related sequence of activities in the construction process which may not have always instantly have occurred to them, such as changing location of traffic lanes and set down areas as buildings appear on a large site, or the changing locations/restrictions of swing space for cranes.Like an actual event or construction stage these non visual type activities require both start and end dates in the schedule linked to 3D components so th at they can be visualised in the model. 4D Scheduling in the Project Life Cycle; Though one of the most attractive uses of 4D (which I will detail later in this report) is at the bidding stage, there are three main stages of utilisation for the 4D model, Design, Tender and Construction. Design; 4D models can be used to determine , different configurations to Lay Down areas, Compound ownership, and Swing space for cranes to optimise the Project Layout and Project Schedule.The model will allow for multiple alternatives which can be assessed in detail at relatively low cost. It can also allow the designer to provide alternatives to the original brief which can show how to crash the project schedule, and the effect can be shown visually with workflows , or the impact of external traffic to the site during peak hours can be assessed. Tender/Bidding; The 4D model is fully utilised at this stage to demonstrate the Contractors ability to understand, direct and execute the brief and instil c onfidence in the client that the Project will be delivered on.The fact that time is linked to the 3D model allows the client to see the growth of the project and how all external factors have been taken into account and considered. It also generates a wow factor and allows the Contractor to stop and breakdown in detail different tasks at any stage of the presentation. Construction; 4D models can be used for several aspects of Construction, its Coordination and regular milestone reviews. From identifying and communicating where, how and when different trades will operate, to understanding the traffic, site and workflow processes.The model can be used on site for progress reviews and compared to as built/scheduled plans, by the management for both milestone reviews, and indeed for claims purposes also. The overall model & Schedule can be broken down into individual components for communication between main and subcontractors, and also used for communication between subcontractors them selves. Where possible the Main Contractor will allow the subcontractor access to the schedule so that they can visualise, communicate and update as required. Another valid use of the model during the construction phase. Project Team & Implementation D modelling/Scheduling is a combination of both the design and the schedule, so it is crucial to have various members of teh Project team on board to design, schedule implement and maintain the process. The first step is deciding who will create the model and who will provide teh inputs. Typicially teh team can be broken down and defined as follows; 3D Modeller; Generates teh 3D model and updates as per design requirements. Scheduler; Generates the project schedule, timeline and provides updates. 4D Modeller; Links the 4D model, provides guidance to both the Scheduler and 3D Modeller for updates.Project Stakeholders; Provide inputs on their own requirements and constraints at different stages of the project. Project Manager; Though the Project manager does not require direct operational input or control of the 4D Model, they need to consider and understand a number of crucial factors; Software Integration; Some 4D Software may only support certain formats of schedules and models. The project team should be confident that the 3D model and the supporting schedule are compatible and can be imported to the relevant 4D software.Interface Issues; It is not a necessity for all stakeholders to create and edit the 4D model but it is beneficial for all stakeholders to view teh progressing model. Stakeholders may be allowed to view only teh required aspects of teh model which affects their work. This can be done by creating basic video files or animations that can be viewed by basic media players. Thus reducing teh outlay for smaller subcontractors on expensive software packages or licences where they may not be entirely required.

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business

In this paper I will discuss environmental regulations and labor laws in place in Thailand and Singapore. This paper will show that while Singapore seems to have stricter environmental regulations in place in it’s country, the labor laws in Thailand seems to protect its citizens better with better work hour regulations and wage requirements. Singapore’s labor laws can stand to be revisited so as to keep the working citizens safe from greedy business owners. What are Thailand and Singapore’s environmental regulation levels? Thailand’s government has been known to keep loose environmental standards for investors. Many foreign investors have been used to Thailand’s loose environmental regulation, however, the country’s government is now struggling to deal with tough new environmental regulations. An upheaval from residents in some of the more industrial areas of Thailand has set in motion a movement to toughen environmental regulations, which has many companies like Ford thinking of relocating some of its manufacturing plants. Singapore, however, has very strict environmental regulations in place, with an extension of liability even reaching to directors and officers of the companies that operate in Singapore. The government in Singapore has passed strict laws to ensure that corporations operating in the country do not compromise the health of their people. Violators of the environmental regulations in Singapore may even face mandatory jail time if found guilty of participating in activities that are deemed harmful to the environment and the people living in the area. What kind of legislation has been passed in the country regarding working hours and wages? The Department of Labor in Thailand enforces labor laws in the country. Currently, Thailand has some pretty good labor laws in place to protect it’s citizens. The most hours a person can work per day in Thailand is 8 hours per day or 48 hours per week. If the job is deemed hazardous, the workday is considered complete after 7 hours, or 42 hours per week. Employees must be paid overtime pay at a rate of 1. 5 to three times the normal hourly rate when the maximum amount of hours has been surpassed. The minimum daily wage rate varies, depending on location. Some provincial areas can pay a daily rate of 137 baht, or $3. 43 U. S. dollars, whereas the daily rate can be 175 baht or $4. 38 U. S. dollars in Bangkok. Office and management staff working full-time hours can earn about 15,000 baht (US $375) to 150,000 baht (US $3,750) per month, depending on the level of management and experience. Singapore does not have any regulations in place with regard to a minimum wage for it’s workers. The Employment Act in Singapore only stipulates that workers be paid timely, which is translated to mean at least once a month. Workers who make less than 2,000 SGD per month may not be required to work more than eight hours a day or 44 hours per week. Employees working in management positions or higher may be permitted to work longer hours, depending on what terms are outlined in their contract. Do you think the country's environmental regulation is sufficient? Explain. It seems Singapore has sufficient environmental regulations in place, what with punishments which include jail time for those found guilty of infraction of the regulations. However, I feel that Thailand still has a long way to go in establishing effective environmental regulations. The people of Thailand are still fighting to get proper regs in place to keep their environment and their people safe and healthy. It seems that Thailand is reluctantly coming around, however, the threat of losing many of its foreign investors because of new environmental regulations might hinder any real progress. Do you feel that the country's hour and wage legislation is ethical? Explain. Thailand’s hour and wage regulations are adequate; however, Singapore’s hour and wage regulation still leave way too much room for employees to be taken advantage of by their employers. The fact there is no national minimum wage requirement leaves too much room for employers to underpay their employees. There is also no regulation in place to limit the amount of hours per day an employee can work. There is also no regulation for overtime pay. The lack of regulation in place to determine how many hours per day or week a person can work before overtime pay is required leaves the employees at the mercy of their employers. References http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704182004575056421383885014.html http://www.business-in-asia.com/thai_labor_law.htm http://www.ehow.com/list_5989991_labor-laws-singapore.html

Informed Consent in Medical Malpractice Research Paper

Informed Consent in Medical Malpractice - Research Paper Example A set of regulations that govern malpractice lawsuits differs from one state to another. Medical malpractice is not a different tort, instead, the tort of negligence. In this vein, elements of medical malpractice are not different from those of negligence. These are violation, causation, duty, and damages. They are normally framed in health jargon, but are similar to the four mentioned elements that apply to negligence. One of the vital aspects that come up in medical malpractice is that medical practitioners are regarded as individuals who should give very high levels of care than the normal layman. The standard of care reflects what is supposed to be undertaken with regard to the prevailing conditions. Health professionals are expected to render standards of care as would have done a reasonable health practitioner under similar conditions. Medical malpractice takes place when a health professional does not deliver duties to the degree that a plausible health professional would have rendered under the same conditions. If a qualified health specialist had taken the same method or treatment in question, under the same conditions, then medical malpractice would therefore not have taken place. Other specific aspects in medical malpractice entail errors in diagnosis, treatment matters, and difficulties in communication, prescription errors, and falls. For instance, if a medical officer fails to diagnose the plaintiff’s case in a desired way, then the medical officer may be said to have violated the standard of care he or she was supposed to have accorded the plaintiff. The standard of care to be used by health professionals is dictated to some degree, by reference to instructions and rules, state practice procedures, facility laws and methods, equipment literature, job explanation, health information and legal cases. A health provider must possess a suitable license failure of which may be evident enough that the health provider was

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The New Strategy by the Seven-Eleven Stores Essay

The New Strategy by the Seven-Eleven Stores - Essay Example This will paralyze the distribution and meet the customer’s needs. The new strategy was anchored on demand, which was seasonal and was dependent on the new products thus this faced the risk of collapsing when the season was over. In addition, the decision-making process is made within three days, which means some decisions can contribute to business collapse as some decisions needed a lot of time (Akira 2003, p.66). Â  The Seven Eleven Company in Japan employed the use of the integrated store information system that aimed at simplifying its mode of operations. The installed information system connected each outlet, distribution stores, suppliers, and the headquarters of the company. The company in1991 developed two-way and online communication that enabled the company to link with their suppliers and customers’. In 2007, the Seven-Eleven introduced internet shopping that enabled the company to meet their customers online by enabling the customers to buy the products online that were not in their retail shops. This online service solved the problem of transportation while delivering goods to their clients situated in various parts of Japan. The distribution system of the company was flexible enough to change their delivery services to their clients thus meeting their demand (Akira 2003, p.67).This provided the customers with the element of convenience since they could not travel to retail shops to make purchases. The company further concentrated on regional merchandizing thus enabling them to meet their customer preferences easily.

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The Spitfire Grill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Spitfire Grill - Essay Example All the characters in this movie are offered a second chance to establish a turning point in their lives through a reinventing that could change their way of life. In that case, residents of town of Gilead, who are characters in the movie The Spitfire Grill (1996), are offered a second chance. However, this is not taken to be a chance for reviving their difficult lives; in fact, they are expected to reinvent themselves from detestable setting, though they take them as a chance of making excuses for procrastination. One of the characters is Nahum, who is portrayed to be antagonistic in the movie due to the conflicts raised between them and Percy, which leads to Percy’s death. Therefore, Nahum gets a possibility to have a manifestation of his life; in fact, Nahum is portrayed as antagonistic person suffering from mid-age crisis. In fact, he lacks confidence due to his failure in life other than ascendancy, and he is egotistical, sexist who evades taking responsibility of his fai lure not managing his real estate company appropriately. Nonetheless, he is offered a chance to take a self-reflection in the entire movie, but he avoids taking chances of avoiding mistakes. The other character is Aomame considered to be among the three main characters; in fact, he helps The Dowager to terminate the male sexists, who bring mischief to women. She holds a notion that peoples alter their memory instinctively, while others alter their history in a way that alleviates their blunders. In contrast, Murakami maintain that people may be acquainted with their faults in an erroneous way. Furthermore, other groups of people who have consistent behaviors of preventing their mistakes, though this happens if they are not offered a second chance. Nonetheless, through his character, it is evident that only one chance and people how are failures deny themselves a chance to cancel their failure. Analysis of these characters indicates that chances are available to achievers, though the re is no absolute causality between achievement and chances, others depicted to be striving for accomplishment other than waiting for chances. During my high school learning, I had high inspirations of becoming the one of the best performing students; in fact, my parents wished the same. Therefore, this led a decision to wait for a chance and attain this objective. However, there were situations when chances would emerge and I took these chances by getting a better score such as during a test, though there were other instances when I could complain that I did not meet my expectations. In this case, this applies to the situation with Estragon and Vladimir in the absurdist play, who were waiting for a Godot by Samuel Beckett; for instance, Estragon and Vladimir were waiting for a chance to meet with Godot. Ironically, Estragon offers a significant motive underneath the notion that waiting for Godot would be meaningless; in fact, there are chances that Godot will offer them a great opp ortunity, though both Estragon and Vladimir had not met Godot; in fact, this chance had no attribute of bringing achievements, instead it would lead to mischief. In conclusion, this paper focuses on analyzing characters in the movie The Spitfire Grill, who had second chance to reinvent their lives. It is apparent that some took this chance to decline other concentration and evade their mistakes; in fact, others

Pride and Prejudice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pride and Prejudice - Essay Example She should also be pretty to look at and someone who is willing to abide by the social norms of the time, since to do otherwise was to invite public scorn, disapproval, and humiliation. Women sought out men with good social standing and wealth as partners. For men, wealth and standing trumped all else. Your character was assumed to be good or justified if your standing and wealth were great enough. A single woman of no means was in a precarious situation since she needed to make a ‘good marriage’ (one to a wealthy man) in order to have any hope in society. If her social status was low, a potential partner would make negative assumptions about her character. Austen’s stance on the social practices of the time seems obvious. She uses irony to display her displeasure for the mores and norms of the time. The opening statement of the book is ironic: â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wi fe† (Austen 1). The suggestion is that if a man has money, then the next thing he needs to procure is a wife. And the flipside of that statement is that a woman wants to marry a man with wealth. The title itself is also ironic. Both characters suffer from both pride and prejudice, which interferes with their ability to recognize their affection for one another. Both exercise prejudice in assessing one another. And both let their pride get in the way. During the initial ball scene, Darcy’s behavior is quite foolish and excessive. He pronounces all of the women in the room to be unattractive and claims that Bingley is dancing with the only pretty girl in the room. When Bingley suggests that he dance with Elizabeth, Darcy says, â€Å"She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humor at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men† (8). This is an attempt at humor on Austen’s part. It is ludicrous logic Da rcy is employing; he only wants to dance with young ladies who are at present engaged with other dance partners. And he will pass on a woman who is available. Bingley’s behavior is much more socially acceptable as he claims to never have met so many pleasant girls. Jane is being quite sociable and getting lots of attention from the men in the room, so her behavior is very socially acceptable. Elizabeth is no doubt hurt by Darcy’s snub, but later uses it as entertaining fodder for her friends, which is also a socially acceptable response to the situation. In the Spring, Darcy suddenly proposes to Elizabeth, so his behavior at their initial meeting is all the more ridiculous. During this scene it is particularly obvious to the reader that Darcy and Elizabeth have strong feelings for one another. Austen even provides the ironic statement of Darcy to Elizabeth regarding the fact that she says things she doesn’t believe. â€Å"I have had the pleasure of your acquain tance long enough to know that you find great enjoyment in occasionally professing opinions which are in fact not your own’ (150). Elizabeth goes onto reproach Darcy for his refusal to dance with her at the ball. The fact that she is brining this up and teasing him about it reveals to the reader that she indeed has feelings for him. When Darcy tries to defend his behavior by saying that he didn’t know anyone outside of his party, Elizabeth sarcastically says, â€Å"And nobody can ever be introduced in a ball room†

Light Weight Material for Automobile Essay Example for Free

Light Weight Material for Automobile Essay General segment car with light weight alloys and metal matrix composites 1. 1 Analysis An automobile is a single biggest polluter, as emissions from millions of vehicles add up. As motor vehicles have been huge sources of pollution for the world since the last hundred years, the major car companies and market see profit by introducing some new technologies to reduce emission and delivering best solutions to customers. One of the major reasons for emission is weight of the vehicle. As weight increases carbon emission increases and fuel efficiency decreases. Both equally reduce customer perceptions. Present market battles to reduce carbon emissions and to fulfill customer demands for highly fuel efficient vehicles. As the above statement is top priority in present market and coming future, metallic parts of a general segment car will be replaced by light weight alloys by coming decades. However significant cost challenges are there for using light weight materials from manufacturing process to end life cycle. Smartly tackling of this cost will be the key to market applications. 1. 2Strategic sense which helps to make light weighting vehicles Global warming, global fuel prices and fuel demands are going to a critical situation, which makes human to think alternatively. As more fuel uses, more CO2 produces. If majority of vehicles made by steels are replaced by lightweight vehicles, it will reduce the global fuel needs. As this initiative makes very good advantages to world, it will get a lot of co-operation from other industries governments and political systems. Technologically and economically there are a lot of challenges and things to be done. Much RD works to do. Right from material selection, product design, process design, manufacturing methods, joining methods all has to be redesign for established organizations. It is a very big challenge. 1. 3 Initiatives taken to make light weighting vehicles To achieve a light weight structures, without compromising rigidity auto engineers have been researching the replacement of steel with plastics, aluminum and magnesium. Using of advanced material for reducing weight is the least expensive way to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. It is found that; * For every 10% weight reduction in weight of a car will result in 5% -7% improvements in fuel efficiency. * For every kilogram of weight reduction of a car will result in the reduction of carbon dioxide about 20kg. [1] 1. 4 Weight saving and relative cost for light weight material Figure 1. 1 Relative material properties and cost [2]. Important key factors while using advanced light weight materials are manufacturability, cost and joining processes. But as requirement is the mother of invention, manufacturability of aluminum and its composite’s will become easier and economical by coming years. Different manufacturing techniques are there to form aluminum into desired shape. 1. 5 Vehicle Case Study Super light Car Project: Figure 1. 2 Light weight materials, a vehicle case study [3] The objective of this project was to make an innovative idea by multi-material and light weight structure. This project proved that, BIW panel structure weight can reduce by 30%, multi material manufacturing with reduced cost, recyclability and sustainability of light weight materials. This project was a benchmark performance by joined venture of many sectors and seven vehicle manufactures (including Volkswagen and Volvo), 10 suppliers, 10 RD companies and seven universities. The final product was a mix of different materials and a wide range of joining technologies. The figure 1. 2 shows the benefits, that Super Light Project achieved.

Humanities Religion Paper Essay Example for Free

Humanities Religion Paper Essay Throughout the span of this course I have learned what it takes to build a successful empire. There are many tactics that are involved in constructing an empire that is stable, which include an effective irrigation system, having an army, land for crops to grow, a system of government, the development of social classes, a trading system, tools and specialized skills for the making of goods, and a shared standpoint of religious beliefs. The one thing that I found most intriguing is how throughout the period of time every civilization has had some sort of caste system. A caste system is a social structure which separates individuals of a civilization into their inherited social class; it can also prohibit the marriage of two individuals of different caste. In the time we live in now you can still separate people into a variety of different social classes such as: upper class, upper middle-class, middle-class, lower middle-class and poor. But let’s rewind a few thousand years in to one of the earliest known civilizations, the Mesopotamians. The history of Mesopotamians can be separated into two categories, the Sumerian period and the Semitic period. During these periods I see the caste system come into play because Priests were at the top of the chain, they were the ones who controlled religious and economic dealings. The Law Code of Hammurabi, I would also consider to be part of a caste system. Majority of the Law code’s requirements deal with the relationship between a husband and wife, along with the relationship between other members of the family, these are a couple of the passages from the code: 131. If a man accuses his wife and she has not been taken lying with another man, she shall take an oath in the name of god and she shall return to her house (book). 145. If a man takes his wife and she does not present him with children, and he sets his face to take a concubine, that man may take a concubine and bring her into his house (book). Even though these do not directly deal with a certain social standing they do however show the standing of women during this period, and also these laws would apply to anyone in any social class. The Egyptians had their own form of the caste system. Egypt was structured so that there was an upper and lower caste. They had a strongly controlled government ruled by one single ruler, the pharaoh. The pharaoh was regarded as a living god, the equal of any other deity (book). Right below the pharaoh was the priest, whose responsibility was to preserve the tradition of religious beliefs. Pharaohs are at the top of the chain, government officials fall directly below the pharaoh and consist of nobles and priests. Next on the chain below the government officials would be the soldiers, merchants and artisans fell directly under the soldiers, farmers were second to last on the chain and then at the very bottom you find the slaves. During ancient Greece time in the city of Athens, I see a form of the caste system fall into place. Social classes during the ancient Greece period applied strictly to men and women took their social standing from their husbands. Any person born into an Athenian family is considered to be a citizen and part of the upper class during this period. The middle class was comprised with merchants, merchants were any men who were non-citizens and are ineligible to become a citizen. The lower class was any freed slave. A slave could become free only if his/her ransom was paid off by a family member. Again you see the slaves fall at the very bottom of all caste systems. Athenians viewed their slaves as barbarians because most, if not all were from a foreign region. I have also learned that the Romans had a set caste system. In my book it states that the Romans had an extremely hard working middle class that were devoted to their central government. When I was reading this, all I could think about is how my family would be considered middle class and how hard working both my parents are. They are devoted to making sure I am provided with what I need, which is what Augustine wanted for the Romans. Augustine’s social reforms were intended directly at the upper classes and were anticipated to return his people to traditional family values. During the Roman republic citizens were split into two classes the patricians and the plebeians. Patricians also known as aristocrats filled the upper class; they had elite rights to the Roman Senate and magistrates. The lower class was known as the plebeians. The plebeians would elect leaders to represent them and their interests while also protecting the lower class people against states officials who treated them discriminatorily. The Aryans are the true developers of the caste system. They made a separation between nobility and the common people. The caste system of the Aryans divided their society into castes of priesthood, the warriors, the laborers and the serfs. India went through many changes and so did their caste system. The caste system was one the shaping social forces in India, reinforced by many laws concerning marriage, table exclusion, laws of rituals purity and so on (book). I have found the caste system of India the most fascinating so far, I believe it most accurately represents the way we caste individuals now.

Mixed Numbers And Improper Fractions English Language Essay

Mixed Numbers And Improper Fractions English Language Essay A Fraction has two parts that tell us what it denotes. The first part is the top number or the numerator. The numerator is the number of pieces you have. The second part of a fraction is the bottom number called the denominator (THINK: Downominator). The denominator is the number of pieces the whole thing is divided into. Example: 3/4 means: We have 3 pieces of something. The whole thing is divided into 4 pieces. Each piece is a quarter (1/4) of the whole thing. There are three types of fraction: [Picture may need to be redone. Taken from http://www.mathsisfun.com/improper-fractions.html] We define the three types of fractions like this: Proper Fractions [glossary term; a fraction where the top number is smaller than the bottom number. http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+proper+fractionFORM=DTPDIA] A proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator. In other words, the numerator is less than the denominator. Examples: 1/3, 3/4, 2/7 1/2 etc. This is the type of fraction we typically think of when we are sharing or splitting something up. Improper Fractions [glossary term; a fraction where the top number is bigger than the top number. http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+improper+fractionFORM=DTPDIA] An improper fraction is a fraction that has a numerator larger than or equal to its denominator. In other words, the numerator is bigger than or the same size as the denominator. We can remember an improper fraction by thinking its top-heavy. In the examples below, notice how the top number is bigger than the bottom number? That makes it an Improper Fraction. Examples: 4/3, 11/4, 3/2, 7/4, 16/15, 99/5 The term IMPROPER suggests that you shouldnt use it or that its incorrect in some way, but there is nothing wrong about Improper Fractions. As you move on to higher levels of mathematics, you will find improper fractions are very friendly to use. We know that when the numerator is less than the denominator it is called a proper fraction. When the numerator is greater than the denominator it is called an improper fraction. What do we call the fraction when the numerator is equal to the denominator as in the example 4/4 ? [Picture may need to be redone. Taken from http://www.mathsisfun.com/improper-fractions.html] In this instance where the numerator is the same as the denominator, the number of pieces you have are the same as the number of pieces the whole is divided into. We define this as 1, just as a pizza is a WHOLE pizza when it has all of its slices. Whenever you see the same number in the numerator as the denominator, remember that fraction equals 1. Examples: 4/4 = 1 and 7/7 = 1 [BEGIN YOUR TURN perhaps this could be done as a drag and drop.] Match each fraction with its appropriate term, PROPER, IMPROPER or WHOLE Answers 5/8 PROPER 8/5 IMPROPER 8/8 WHOLE 7/6 IMPROPER 6/7 PROPER 7/7 WHOLE 21/5 IMPROPER 5/21 PROPER 21/21 WHOLE 3/100 PROPER 100/3 IMPROPER 100/100 WHOLE [END YOUR TURN] Mixed Fractions or Mixed Numbers [glossary term; a fraction number consisting of a proper fraction and a whole number together http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+mixed+numberFORM=DTPDIA] A whole number and proper fraction together is a Mixed Fraction or also known as a Mixed Number. Examples: 1 1/3, 2 1/4, 16 2/5 [Pictures may need to be redone. Taken from http://www.mathsisfun.com/improper-fractions.html] 1 3/4 Â   1 1/4 = 2 3/8 A mixed number consists of an integer followed by a proper fraction. Mixed fractions are typically used in everyday/normal conversation. Remember that fractions are used to count a part of something or a group. Â ¼ of this 1 whole square is red. Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. How many of the following squares are red? There are 5 whole squares and part of another square. We write it like this 5 1/4. When we read it or say it out loud we would day, five and one fourth. This is similar to writing 5 + Â ¼ , but, we dont write the + in written form. In word form addition is the same as the word AND. [BEGIN YOUR TURN] This would be a great spot for an interactive video like this onehttp://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/WebLessons/MixedNumbers/default.htm [END YOUR TURN] [BEGIN YOUR TURN] This would be a great spot for an interactive game to play with mixed numbers like this one http://www.mrnussbaum.com/sal/index.html This is very fun stuff! [END YOUR TURN] [BEGIN REVIEW] 1. A mixed number is _________________ a number made up of a whole number and a fraction. *Always Sometimes Never Feed back: By definition 2. An improper fraction should never be used as an answer to a math problem. True *False Feed back: Improper fractions will make solving math problems easier as you get into high levels of mathematics. 3. A proper fraction is _______________ used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. Always Sometimes *Never Feed back: A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talking about pieces of 1. 4. Which is the correct mathematical description for the following picture? *5/8 1 5/8 eight fifths 4 and 1/8 Feedback: the pizza is divided into 8 pieces. 5 of the pieces are showing. Use a proper fraction of 5/8. 5. How would you describe the following picture in words to your friend? There are twelve fifteenths pentagons. *There are two and two fifths pentagons. There are two fifths pentagons. There are two whole pentagons and a fraction more. Feed back: There are two and two fifths pentagons. We use mixed fractions in everyday language. [END REVIEW] [BEGIN QUIZ] 1. A proper fraction is _________________ a number made up of a whole number and a fraction. Always Sometimes *Never Feed back: A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talking about pieces of 1. 2. Improper fractions are friendly to use in mathematics problems but are not used in everyday language. *True False 3. A mixed number is _______________ used when you need to count the fractional pieces of something. Always Sometimes *Never Feed back: Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. 4. Which is the correct mathematical description for the following picture? 11/12 *5 1/2 six halves five and one twoths Feedback: There are 5 full circles denoting 5 wholes and 1/2 of another. 5. What term would you use to describe the number of blue blocks below to your friend? proper fraction improper fraction *mixed number fraction Feed back: Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. [END QUIZ] [BEGIN TEST] 1. A proper fraction is _________________ a fraction where the numerator is larger than the denominator Always Sometimes *Never Feed back: A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talking about pieces of 1. 2. The term Improper fraction simply means the numerator is larger than the denominator. *True False 3. A mixed fraction is _______________ the same as a mixed number. *Always Sometimes Never Feed back: The terms mixed numbers and mixed fractions are interchangeable and used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. 4. Which picture below represents the improper fraction 5/2? * Feedback: There are 5 full circles denoting 5 wholes and 1/2 of another. 5. What term would you use to describe the of the nail below to your friend? proper fraction improper fraction *mixed number fraction Feed back: Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. [END TEST] CONCLUSION: A Fraction has two parts that tell us what it denotes. The first part is the top number or the numerator. The numerator is the number of pieces you have. The second part of a fraction is the bottom number called the denominator (THINK: Downominator). The denominator is the number of pieces the whole thing is divided into. There are three types of fraction: Proper Fractions A proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator. Improper Fractions An improper fraction is a fraction that has a numerator larger than or equal to its denominator. We can remember an improper fraction by thinking its top-heavy. . As you move on to higher levels of mathematics, you will find improper fractions are very friendly to use. Mixed Fractions or Mixed Numbers A whole number and proper fraction together is a Mixed Fraction or also known as a Mixed Number Mixed fractions are typically used in everyday/normal conversation. Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. We write it like this 5 Â ¼ When we read it or say it out loud we would day, five and one fourth. .When is a fraction a WHOLE? when the numerator is equal to the denominator as in the example 4/4 ? Whenever you see the same number in the numerator as the denominator, remember that fraction equals 1.

Brave New World 3 :: essays research papers

Brave New World: “Oh, my God, my God!'; In 1932, Aldous Huxley first published the novel, Brave New World. During this time, the ideas that Huxley explored in his novel were not a reality, but merely science-fiction entertainment. Brave New World confronts ideas of totalitarianism, artificial reproduction, anti-individualism, and forever youth- ideas which were not threatening in the 30’s. In the 1930’s, the high ethical standards people maintained and the limited amount of scientific knowledge did not allow for the acceptance of the types of ideas found in Brave New World. These values include abstinance, family structure, and life-long marriages- issues that had little to no importance in the Brave New World. As we begin the new millenium, our increasing scientific knowledge has taken our curiousity beyond ethical consideration, and Huxley’s novel has become much closer to a reality than it was 65 years ago. Today, Huxley’s Brave New World parallels current advances in genetical engineering, cloni ng, the lowering of moral standards held by the general mass, and the obsession people have with looking young. Theses new discoveries of genetical engineering and cloning closely parallel the process of giving birth in the Brave New World. In Brave New World, people are born artificially in test tubes. Everyone is condidtioned to be the same: to share the same characteristics, their way of thinking, and their ideas. People who claimed individual thought against the community- such as Bernard in the beginning of the novel- were considered to have a defect from a lab mistake during birth, and were ostracized from the community, until they conditioned themself to think like the rest of the community. Scientific development in both genetical engineering and cloning, have made the idea of anti-individualism closer to a reality. Genetical engineering enables parents to choose characteristics for their child, creating a “poster child'; which ultimately ends in every child becoming a poster child and all looking the same. Although genetical engineering is currently under ethical scepticism, and the cloning of humans is illegal, it is still possible to eventually end all diversity (except possibly between ethnic groups as in Brave New World). Huxley says: Ninety-six identical twins working ninety-six identical machines!… You really know where you are… Community, Identity, Stability… If we could bokanovskify [a method whereby a human egg has its normal development arrested and whereupon it proceeds to bud, producing many identical eggs] indefinetly the whole problem

The Self-Concept of Father-Absent Children in Middle Childhood Essay

The Self-Concept of Father-Absent Children in Middle Childhood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man’s individuality embodies numerous traits and self-concept holds the predominant of these traits according to Rogers. It helps the person understand personality and social development, for it is through the developing self-concept that man form increasingly stable picture of their selves, partly, reflected by others in their surroundings (Craig;1996,p.367). As the person interacts with his environment, such as peer groups, school, community and most especially the family, these concepts are constructed. Many developmentalists believe that infants are born without a sense of self (Shaffer, 1989), therefore, we can say that we develop our self-image as we continuously grow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Families are believed to be the first, the closest, and most influential social group in the child’s life. They provide children with the definition of right and wrong, the patterns of behaviors, the expectations and the evaluations of actions on which children base their own ideas (Craig, 1996). It is in the family where a child spends a great portion of his life mainly during the formative years. It is from the family that he receives his earliest training in proper behavior. Thus, it is the family which plays the major role in the development of his self-image (Medina, 1991). As a child grow, he begins to realize who he really is and what he is and at the same time aware of his capability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The person’s general view of self is made up of other, more specific concepts, including the nonacademics sefl-concept, self-concept in English, and self-concept in mathematics. This self-concept evolves through constant self-evaluation indifferent situation (Shavelson & Bolus, 1992). Children and adolescents are continually comparing their performance with their own standards and with the performance of peer and also gauge the verbal and nonverbal reactions of significant people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moreover, a harmonious home environment can create confidence in ones own perspective of himself because it provides not only a place of residence but also an identity of mutual security and support (Sevilla, 1989). However, through the changing nature of the family structure, there are broken families and marital dissolution. Single parent families, usually are fatherless, continuously growing up which affect both their children’s ... ...hey are free to ask questions. Furthermore, the researcher will assure the subjects that the test results will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Scoring Procedure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The instruction of the scoring will be taken form the manual fo the test instruments. Corresponding points are provided for each answer. Then the number points are counted. Scoring will follow a given equivalent and through the local norms of the test, the level of self-concept of the subjects will be identified. REFERENCES: Craig, Grace. Human Development, 7th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. 1996 Davidson, Kenneth J.Jr Marriage and Family: Change and Continuity. Massachusetts: Ally and Bacon: Simon & Schuster Co., 1996 Elliot, Stephen N. et al. Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching/Effective Learning. 2nd edition. USA: Brown and Benchmark Publishing,1996 Tan, Earnest L. The Development of Self-Concept Quezon City. Values Education Program of Mirian College Graduate School, 1991. Medina, Belen T.G. The Filipino Family: A text with selected Readings. Philippines: Office of Research Coordination, U.P. 1991 Easten,Nina J. Los Angeles Time Magazine, 9June 1992): 15-16, 18, 44-46.

Teens Parental Friend Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"It’s okay what you do here. I’m a cool mom.† That’s a quote from the latest teen movie, Mean Girls. Most parents think that being their teen’s best friend is something that will help them understand why teens do what they do. Unfortunately that’s not the case. Parents who give their teens whatever they want at whatever cost are wrong. They are teaching their teen to spoil their own child in the future. They also can start teaching their teen bad habits by not giving them chores to do or making them do homework. When parents become close friends with their teen the role of the authority figure is lost, which causes the teen to become lazy, dependent, and prevents them from succeeding to their highest performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents who give their teen whatever they want at whatever cost is spoiling their child. Yes, we all understand that parents want to stay active and participate in their teen’s life. If a parent spoils his teen with new clothes, shoes, video games, and money that gives the teen the impression that it’s okay to ask for whatever they want, in reality that’s not possible. The teens have to work for what he wants. In a research 40 percent of parents said that they would buy their child everything they wanted if they could (USA Today). Sampson Lee Blair said, â€Å"Trying to play to every little whim or desire will create problems for the child later in life.† I have to agree. A parent can still be his teen’s friend, but in a different way, a par...

Rdr Experiment No. 9 Integrated Concepts of Equilibrium

Experiment No. 9 INTEGRATED CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A system in equilibrium can be affected by the addition of another reagent leading to a change in chemical equation with a new equilibrium constant. An overall reaction is the sum of two or more reaction steps with different equilibrium constants. The overall equilibrium constant, Koverall, is the product of the equilibrium constants of the individual reaction step. If a reaction step is reversed, the equilibrium constant is set into its reciprocal.If a reaction step is multiplied by a common coefficient n, the new equilibrium constant is raised to the nth. The first part of the experiment dealt with the equilibrium reaction Cu(OH)2(s) ? Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq). 0. 10 M Cu(NO3)2 and 0. 10 M NaOH were reacted together in seven test tubes to form the solid Cu(OH)2, a blue precipitate. Distilled water was added to the first test tube. This served as the control. When 6. 0 M H2C2O4 was added to the second test tube, t he precipitate turned cloudy blue. The new equilibrium can be attributed to the formation of the solid CuC2H4 which is cloudy blue in color, and the ionization of H2C2O4.The addition of Zn dust in the third test tube resulted into a gray-brown precipitate. The mechanisms in this reaction are the dissociation of Cu(OH)2(s), redox of Cu2+ and Zn, and precipitation of Zn(OH)2, leading to an overall reaction of Cu(OH)2(s) + Zn(s) ? Zn(OH)2(s) + Cu(s). When 6. 0 M HNO3 was added to the fourth test tube, the precipitate disappeared. The H+ ions from the complete dissociation of HNO3 neutralize the OH- ions. This results to the shifting of the system to the right. The addition of 6. 0 M NH3 in the fifth test tube caused the formation of the deep blue [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex.The new equilibrium was established from the dissociation reaction of Cu(OH)2 and NH3, and the formation of complex [Cu(NH3)4]2+. 1. 0 M Na3PO4 was added to the sixth test tube, and formed a light blue precipitate. The bas ic PO3- hydrolyzes to form OH- and HPO42-. The increase in OH- ions caused the system to shift to the left and formed more Cu(OH)2(s). In the seventh test tube, the addition of Cu(NO3)2 caused to form a cloudy turquoise precipitate. The addition of a common ion Cu2+ caused the formation of more solid.The cloudy supernate suggested that the solubility of a slightly soluble ionic compound is lowered in the presence of a common ion. In the second part of the experiment, saturated NaCl was put into three test tubes and in each, three different reagents were added. The initial equilibrium reaction was NaCl(s) ? Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq). The addition of 95% ethanol resulted to a clear supernate and very minimal white precipitate. Ionic compounds such a NaCl dissolve in polar solvents like ethanol. The addition of concentrated HCl resulted in the formation of more white precipitate, due to the addition of a common ion Cl-.When MgSO4 was added, there was no visible reaction. This is due to the the displacement reaction of the two solids forming aqueous solutions of MgCl2 and Na2SO4. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS A. test tube 1 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 K_eq=[? Cu? ^(2+)]? [? OH? ^-]? ^2 B. test tube 2 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 H2C2O4 (aq) HC2O4-(aq) + H+(aq) Ka=6. 5Ãâ€"10-2 HC2O4-(aq) C2O42-(aq) + H+(aq) Ka=6. 1Ãâ€"10-5 Cu(OH)2(s) + H2C2O4 (aq) Cu2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq) + 2H2O(l) Keq=8. 23Ãâ€"10-26 C. test tube 3 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) Kredox=3. 46Ãâ€"1034 Zn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2 (aq) Ksp=5. 435Ãâ€"1013 Cu(OH)2(s) + Zn(s) Zn(OH)2 (aq) + Cu(s) Keq=4. 137Ãâ€"1028 D. test tube 4 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 2HNO3(aq) ? 2H+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) Ka=? Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3 (aq) ? Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2H2O(l)Keq=? E. test tube 5 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) Kf=5. 0x1013 Cu(OH)2(s) + 4 NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]2 +(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Keq=1. 1Ãâ€"10-6 F. test tube 6 3Cu(OH)2(s) 3Cu2+(aq) + 6OH-(aq) Ksp=1. 0648x 10-59 2H3PO4 (aq) 2H+(aq) + 2H2PO4-(aq) Ksp=5. 625Ãâ€"10-5 2H2PO4-(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2HPO42-(aq) Ksp=3. 844Ãâ€"10-15 2HPO42-(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) ¬ Ksp=2. 304Ãâ€"10-27 3Cu(OH)2(s) +2H3PO4 (aq) Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)Keq? 0 A. Test tube 1 B. Test tubes 6, 5, 3, and 2 C. Test tube 5 D. Test tubes 7, 6, 4, 3, and 2 E. Test tube 7, and 2 F. Test tube 6, 5, and 3In test tube 1, the addition of ethanol to the solution produced little precipitate. It is because ethanol is capable of hydrogen-bonding with water, thus, depriving the Na+ and Cl- ions of water molecules to â€Å"hydrate† them. On the other hand, adding HCl produced a greater amount of precipitate because it completely ionizes into H+ and Cl- ions. Because Cl- is part of one side of the dissolution process, the equilibrium shifted to the side favoring the reformation of NaCl crystals. Lastly, the addition of MgSO4 doe s not affect the system because none of its constituent ions were present in the equilibrium reaction of NaCl.

Discriminatory practices in health Essay

Discriminatory practice in health and social care happens for many reasons including some important factors that are normally the cause of discriminatory practice for example a person may be discriminated against because on the basis of their diversity. One important discriminatory practice is because of culture. A person’s Culture is important to them and identifies who they are in the world. It is developed within the social group they are raised in, and can change when they are mature enough to decide for their selves what culture best suit them. In addition respecting a person’s culture is important for all concerned. It’s also important for the individual because it creates a sense of support and understanding. An example of Culture discrimination in a health and social care setting is that someone from a certain culture might not be given the same amount of support and advice then someone else from another different culture. This is one regular example of culture discrimination in health and social care. Another important type of discrimination is Disability discrimination. In health and social care, you will work with and support with various disabilities. The Disability discrimination Act makes illegal to discriminate against someone who has a disability. The act covers employment, access to goods, facilities and services of organisations, education, buying and renting a property and transport services. There has to be full accessibility for anyone with a disability. The organisation anyone works for will be required by law to have a policy in place regarding disability. An example of this type of discrimination in a health and social care is that the organisation might not place the necessary equipment’s for people who a disability to gain access to the health and social care settings. Another example from a health and social care setting is that the organisation might not place a policy regard ing disability. This will be against the law and also a form of discrimination. Another important discrimination practice in health and social care is the age of an individual. Age discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavourably because of their age, without justification, or is harassed and victimised because of their age. Age discrimination also happens when someone is denied something because of their age, for example there were controversies regarding giving older people drugs because of their shorter life expectancy, due to their age. Some people have argued that the money would be better spent on drugs for younger people. This is a massive discrimination against older people. An example of age discrimination in a health and social setting is that someone might not be provided a certain service because of their old age for example if they apply for a job as a nurse they might refuse their application because of their old age. This is a type of discrimination in a lot jobs but this was an example from a health and social service. Social class is another important type in which discrimination is based upon. Our social class is apparent from the place where we live. The higher the class, the better the place is kept and maintained. This inequality has also infiltrated health and social care. For example members of the department of health publication claim that the poor are more likely to get cancer than the rich, and their chances of survival are lower too. However at the heart of human rights is the belief that everybody should be treated equally and with dignity- no matter what their circumstances might be. An example of this in a health and social care setting is that some people might not be treated the same as other people who might be wealthier than them. This might be classified as social class discrimination. Sexuality is another important type in which discrimination is based upon. Sexual orientation can refer to a person who is attracted to another person of the same sex (gay and/or lesbian), the opposite sex (heterosexual), or both sexes which is known as bisexual. Discrimination against someone due to their sexual orientation is against the law. If someone feels discriminated against due to their sexual orientation or feels they are discriminated against they can seek legal help. Family status is also another type in which discrimination is based upon. This can lead to a variety of discriminations: against gay and/or lesbian parents, single parents, parents of different genders, parents of different. Cognitive ability is also another type of discrimination. Discrimination on the grounds of cognitive ability may arise because of a brain injury, a learning disability or difficulty, or a person’s social class or education. It can be easy to discriminate against people with cognitive disabilities but care must be taken not to do so.

Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay

Direct current ( DC ) motor is applied in a broad scope of applications peculiarly in mechanization engineering due to minimum electromotive force ingestion. In the proposal DC motor plays an effectual function in Hardware execution. The chief rule behind the undertaking is to utilize the cascade control to run the DC motor ; it ‘s one of best feedback accountants. For gauging the speed and the armature current of the DC motor with 24 Vs and a dsPIC Microcontroller is programmed.The above all operation is done in a closed control cringle map. Table of Contentss 1.2 Objective 2. Specific Aims of the undertaking Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Brushed DC Motor DC motor theoretical account Digital control of District of Columbia motor Advantages of District of Columbia with regard to rush control Analogue control of District of Columbia motor 2.1 Dss PIC dsPIC30f 3010 2.2 MPLAB IDE 3. Design and Research Cascade control Currentloop kineticss Speed cringle kineticss 3.1 Components for commanding 24v brushed Dc motor 3.1. Flexible upside-down board 3.2.1 Generating PWM moving ridge signifiers 3.1.2 H-Bridge convertor 3.2 Software techniques used in DC motor Programing microcontroller in Flexible inverted board 4. Consequences and Discussion 5. Decision 6. Appendix List of Figures FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor FIGURE2: General block diagram of velocity cringle and current cringle of DC Motor FIGURE3: H-bridge convertor with different electromotive force VI ± & A ; VI?Chapter 11. Introduction1.1 ObjectiveThe chief map of the undertaking is to command the velocity of the DC Motor utilizing a dsPIC30f3010 microcontroller. For that implement a separate hardware to fulfill the chief map of the undertaking.1.2 Specific Aim of the undertakingIn order to accomplish the chief nucleus of the undertaking, concept Hardware for commanding the velocity control of DC motor. The chief hardware demands are Ds PIC microcontroller ICD interface & A ; connection for system interface DC power supply MOSFET Current detectors The above constituents are required to build a hardware called Flexible Inverted Board [ 4 ] .1.3 OUTLINE OF PROJECTStep1 In this paper a flexible upside-down board is constructed with the series of hardware constituents Step2 Then pass on the Flexible inverted board with system utilizing MPLAB IDE package with ICD-3 interface [ 4 ] .the linguistic communication used in the MPLAB package is C-language. Step3 The velocity cringle and the current cringle are the two of import maps for commanding the velocity of the Dc motor. In our undertaking the cardinal point is to command both the cringles by C-programming linguistic communication utilizing MPLAB ICD-3. The velocity cringle of the microcontroller is called velocity accountant and the current cringle of the microcontroller is called current accountant.Chapter 2THEORITICAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR REVIEWS2 Background2.1 Brushed DC MotorIn automotive industries DC motor is used widely in â€Å" fuel pump control, electronic maneuvering control, engine control and electric vehicle control † [ 6 ] for its cost effectual and it is used in many applications like â€Å" mush and paper industries, fan pumps, imperativeness, winder motors † [ 2 ] , † place contraptions, washers, driers and compressors † [ 6 ] are some of the best illustrations. DC motor is one of the of import hardware employed in this paper, it consists of a rotor and stator, and the parts are placed in a lasting magnetic field. Commutator and coppice are placed in between the rotor and stator. Positioning the coppice at a peculiar way in the rotor is classified into some classs and they are â€Å" rad ial, trailling or taking † [ 3 ] places. When the rotor rotates the commutator and C coppice interface at a point, which produces an tremendous sum of magnetic field from the coppice of the motor and it produces current to the armature twist of the Dc motor. FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor [ a ]2.2 DC Motor theoretical account [ 8 ]Each motor will hold different specification and demands. Harmonizing to motor demands and inside informations the theoretical account can be designed. The purpose of motor theoretical account, trades with commanding the applied electromotive force of both velocity and current. The basic theoretical account for a Dc Motor is shown below FIGURE2: DC Motor theoretical account The above diagram is a simple RL circuit. RL circuit is called opposition induction circuit and a 24v DC Motor. All these constituents combine to organize RL circuit. Now the derivation portion of the RL circuit is explained below T ( T ) = J tungsten is the Angular speed J is the minute of inactiveness B is the clash T is the armature Torque T ( T ) = ( T ) is the Torque invariable is Armature current Harmonizing to Kirchhoff ‘s jurisprudence ( T ) – ( T ) = ( T ) + and are the induction and opposition for the armature current ( Iowa ) The electromotive of the motor can be determined by multiplying the back voltage with velocity The relationship for the electromotive force is shown below ( T ) = The province theoretical account for any DC motor utilizing Iowa and tungsten ( velocity ) is mentioned below.= +2.3 ds PIC -microchip Ds PIC stands for Programmable Interface Controller or programmable intelligent computing machine, which act as an of import controlling unit for full system. The chief aim of this undertaking is to do the Ds PIC to bring forth 6PWM wave form. In an ideal status the wave form from the pulsation width transition can command the H-bridge convertor. It non merely serves as an interface accountants but besides plays a function of a programmable logic accountant ( PLC ) . [ 16,20 ] Ds movie has a memory of 16bit microcontroller that has two major maps. Firstly it can move as a package portion functioning package maps and the other is a hardware portion functioning hardware maps. The input signals that are attain from the feedback service system are received by the package portion which in bend utilizes the codifications that are written on the bit on C – linguistic communication to analyse the input and run the hardware. Finally the package makes certainly the hardware runs based on the package maps to derive the needed end product. [ 18, 20 ] Our undertaking concentrated on working experiments that were run at lab conditions. Since a twosome of systems have certain differences from the stimulation that have been run in existent conditions compared to ideal conditions. This in bend is the working of the microcontroller. dsPIC30F 3010, 2010 4011 and 3012 are the series of french friess that have been available in the Lab. The missive ‘F ‘ in ds PIC30F and such bit provinces that the bit contains brassy memory. The ground for sing this brassy memory merchandise is because 30F has an ex-ordinary public presentation when compared to EPROM ( Effaceable Programmable Read-Only Memory ) and one clip programmable french friess ( OTP ) . This has been a major demand for the running of this undertaking to acquire the needed end product. 16-bit modified Harvard architecture has been added to the CPU incorporating Ds PIC30F for using the information and upgrading the set of usher lines for running digital signal processing ( DSP ) [ 14 ] . There is a drawn-out flexible opcode field which has been installed in the CPU that has a 24 spot broad user coder memory country and the entire turn toing velocity can travel up to 4MA-24 spot. This programming theoretical account has sixteen 16bit working registries in Ds PIC30F bit. There are two categories of debut commanding unit that have been integrated and used for executing they are integrated and used for executing [ 2 ] .2.3.1 dsPIC30F 3010This subdivision is about the pin constellation and the constituents available in dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller. Normally the memory allotment in dsPIC30F 3010 can classified in to three classs they are SRAM in Bytes EEPROM in Bytes Programmable memory in Bytes/instruction2.3.1.1 SRAMSRAM stands for inactive RAM ( Random Access Memory ) . Harmonizing to the tabular matter shown below the informations bound for inactive RAM should non transcend 1024 bytes. The memory in the map can sort in two types they are X – Datas RAM Y – Datas RAM The inactive RAM uses X -RAM and Y_RAM for hive awaying informations.2.3.1.2EEPROMThe memory allotment for EEPROM is same as inactive RAM. In read merely memory one of the of import types of ROM used to hive away memory is EEPROM. The chief map of this ROM is based on two parametric quantities they are endurance and keeping [ 2 ] . Endurance is to retain the informations even after the ROM fails. Therefore the informations ca n't be deleted at any instant. Time period is required to hive away informations that is taken attention by keeping [ 2 ] .2.3.1.3Program memoryIn a peculiar plan Ds PIC30f microcontroller has a separate memory allotment for hive awaying both the reference and information. The memory bound for the plan memory is 24K. plan reference infinite anda informations reference infinite Table 1: Tabulation for memory allotment in Ds PIC30f3010 The pin constellation of dsPIC30f3010 is described below FIGURE 3: Pin constellation of dsPIC30F 3010 [ 2 ] Pin descriptions ( PWM1L and PWM1H ) , ( PWM2L and PWM2H ) & A ; ( PWM3L and PWM3H ) [ 2 ] these are six different types PWM channels used in the pin constellation. In which each PWM brace generates three responsibility rhythms with one high end product ( H ) and one low end product ( L ) . INT0, INT1 & A ; INT2 are the interrupt buffers used in the PIC. VSS and VDD [ 2 ] are the supply electromotive force and land in the PIC accountant. U1RX & A ; U1TX, U1ARX & A ; U1ATX [ 2 ] are the series of pins used for pass oning PIC microcontroller with Personal computer, in other system interface operation can be done by UART map. In that RX stands for receiving system and TX stands for sender. The above pin map plays an of import in our undertaking.Chapter 3Methodology3.1 Components for commanding 24v brushed Dc motorSince the undertaking is to the full based on difficult ware so many constituents are available and how they work in that operation.3.1.1Cascade control operation in Dc Motor:The below operation is done by utilizing Double cascaded layout, it consists of two cringles they are current accountant with current mention and velocity accountant with velocity mention [ 5 ] as shown in. FIGURE4: General block diagram of velocity cringle and current cringle of DC Motor [ B ] The current cringle is covered by the velocity cringle, in the block diagram it has the two circles interior circle is called interior cringle and the outer circle is called outer cringle since the interior circle operation is ever quicker than the outer circle. In other words interior circle public presentation is multiple of 10 times faster than the staying 1. The cascade control rule is chiefly used in our undertaking to keep the velocity of the motor at a changeless degree and the current cringle in the cascade control is the armature current and it is otherwise called as torsion. Sometimes armature current may transcend the bound to avoid this state of affairs in cascade control, it has limiter, and the chief map of the clipper is to restrict the values of the armature current. For illustration To restrict the armature current to 64volt i.e. 1 ampere. So that the armature wo n't transcend those bounds since the clipper is available in cascade control. The velocity accountant in the cascade control used to bring forth demand current ia* . The motor runs to get the better of the demand current values. The demand current value will ever higher than the normal current values. So that the velocity motor bit by bit increases. PI accountant ( relative Integral accountant ) Current accountant Speed accountant The above all constituents construct a cascade accountant and the map each constituent is described below 3.1.1.1PI accountant ( relative and built-in accountant ) In cascade accountant map assorted accountants are used for observing the velocity and control of the motor, but PI accountant is recommended as high efficient accountant because it consist to constant addition Kip and Kid. By manually tuning the addition of both Kii and Kpi will cut down the steady province mistake and the stableness of the system will be increased. In recent study more than 70 % cascade accountant used PI accountant for commanding the velocity control DC Motor. In order to cut down the steady province mistake in the closed cringle system, bit by bit increase the relative addition changeless Kp. As the addition of the Kp increases the steady province mistake in the system decreases. But the stableness of the system will non be stable. To do the system stable, built-in term Ki is introduced in the system. When both the proportional and built-in term amount each other to cut down the steady province mistake and do the system stable.the above two maps can be done at th e same time in the PI accountant. The mathematical look for PI accountant is explained below. FIGURE 5: PI accountant of a closed cringle map [ 1 ] Kp-proportional addition Ki-Intergral addition Y- Output of the PI accountant Err-Error in the PI accountant At the get downing mistake ( Err ) will go through through both Kp and Ki. For relative addition the end product is Kp Err y1= Kp Err eqn1 [ 1 ] y2 = eqn 2 [ 1 ] Y = y1 + y2 eqn 3 [ 1 ] eqn 4 [ 1 ] The cardinal point in this PI accountant is the mistake Err in intergral addition Ki will be integrated. so that the steady mistake will be reduced and the system will be stable.3.1.1.2Current accountantThe current accountant in the closed cringle maps of the cascade control. The current cringle is besides called as current accountant. It is used to protect cascade circuit from harm. The chief map of the cascade map is to command the velocity. Before commanding the velocity the current of the accountant should be controlled. The current obtained from the closed cringle map is from armature circuit of the DC Motor [ 7 ] .the input in the current accountant is the back voltage ( ia* ) . Power convertor is chiefly used to better the control in the system. It has high exchanging frequence, since the power convertor in the current cringle is really speedy. The end product of the convertor is armature electromotive force ( Va ) . ( -E ) is the perturbation occurred in the current cringle, in order avoid the perturbation -E Iowa ia* RL CIRCUITT Power Converter Pi FIGURE 6: Functional block diagram of Current accountant The perturbation is added along with RL circuit, and the equation is shown below Va = ( S La + Ra ) ia + Tocopherol The map of the RL circuit is cut down complexness Va is Armature electromotive force. Iowa is armature current ( seeking to command ) Ra is Armature opposition Tocopherol is Disturbance RL = 1/ ( S La + Ra ) Current cringle is carried out by conveying the from Iowa ( armature current ) to ia* ( demand armature current ) . As speedy as possible without doing the over shoot acquiring so high. If the over shoot is high it creates job to the convertor. Similarly when the addition values ( Kp and Ki ) increases in PI controller the over shoot value reduces, but the same clip there is more sum of oscillation which may impact the system. Care should be taken in taking both Kp and Ki values. T Iowa ia** FIGURE 7: graph for armature current V subsiding clip ia – Armature current ia* – Demand armature current ts – Settling clip3.1.2 Flexible inverted boardThe major hardware has been designed and implemented as Flexible inverted board. It consists of many constituents they are dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller, H-bridge convertor and District of Columbia motor. The maps of these hardware constituents are explained earlier. The above all operation is implemented in a individual hard ware called flexible inverted board. FIGURE 8: Functional block diagram of Flexible inverted board3.1.2.1 IR2130 gate thrust circuit:There are three input signal generator blocks which are capable of supplying two end products each gives the inputs to the six end product drivers. L1, L2 and L3 are signal generators which drive exactly the three low-side end product drivers although H1, H2 and H3 signal generators must be flat shifted before it is fed to the high-side end product drivers. The drifting points of the driver, gate charge demands of the power switch and the maximal power switch â€Å" ON † times receives power from three bootstrap capacitances C1, C2 and C3. Bootstrap capacitances besides feed supply to the internal natation driver current. Once these energy demands are met there must be considerable sum of charge still on the 8.3V nominal to forestall halting. D7, D8 and D9 should be super-fast. VCC degree seen by an under-voltage sensor circuit gives an input to criminalize six end products of the signal generator circuits. Current detector R1 derives the ITRIP signal in the chief power circuit of the motor when it is segregated with a 0.5 V mention to criminalize the six signal generator end products. ITRIP inputs sets up a mistake logic circuit which in bend gives unfastened drain TTL end product for system gesture. FIGURE 9: Circuit diagram for IR2130 gate thrust circuit3.1.2.2Trim port map with PWMTrim port are little in size and they are really little in size.it is chiefly used in many PCB building board since it ‘s occupies less infinite. The spare port act like a potentiometer and it is otherwise called as pruner [ ] . By tuning the spare port, opposition value can be minimized or maximized. For illustration if a 50ohm opposition can be tuned by spare port from 0 – 50. The two leg of H-bridge convertor produce two pulse wave form one with low end product ( 1L ) and another 1 with high end product ( 1H ) . The responsibility ratio of the PWM wave signifier can set utilizing spare port.3.1.2.3DC MOTOR ENCLOSED WITH A ENCODERThe best methods of ciphering the velocity of the DC motor is utilizing optical encoder method. It consists of a disc, Light Emitting Diode ( LED ) and optical detector [ 6 ] . The disc is fitted with the rotor, as the rotor rotates the disc starts whirling along with the rotor and it is placed in between the LED beginning and the light detector. Once the rotary motion starts the disc passes through the LED beginning and the optical detector gets started, from which the velocity of the motor can be calculated because the optical detector Acts of the Apostless like a tachometer. In other words the encoder in the DC motor is otherwise called as velocity observing detectors. [ 6 ]3.1.2.4 H-Bridge convertorDC motor runs differential v elocity, but the applied electromotive force of the motor varies at every interval of clip. Since the electromotive force is straight relative velocity, as the electromotive force increases the velocity of the motor besides increases. Speed can be calculated by tachometer which is in physique in the DC motors, the applied electromotive force can be supplied and controlled by a convertor called h-bridge convertor. Soman GD – Gate Drive Circuit FIGURE 10: H-bridge convertor with different electromotive force VI ± & A ; VI? [ c ] In this H-bridge circuit it produces two unipolar pulsation breadth transitions because it has two leg inverter. Effective transition takes topographic point merely in the first half of the inverter. As a consequence two variable electromotive forces are generated on either side of the armature twist. In H-bridge, transition index is represented as ( +mi ) and the reciprocal of transition index is represent as ( -mi ) .the motor in our undertaking really sing two pulse breadth. Both the pulsations are reciprocally relative to each other bring forthing a unipolar PWM. The two legs in the convertor are called the shift signals or exchanging frequence. Bigger convertor comparatively has lower frequence and smaller convertor has higher frequence. If the frequence in the leg1 is high in contrast the frequence in the leg2 will be low. In our undertaking see VI ± and VI? are the exchanging channels of the H- span convertor. they are reciprocally relative to each other. The bearer signal is called the input frequence. the bearer frequence used in our undertaking is 10khz. Harmonizing to the bearer frequence the clip period of VI ± and VI? differs. In C coding VI ± and VI? is mentioned as PDC1and PDC2 from the below graph FIGURE 11 graphical representation of PWM signals in H- Bridge convertor. The end product electromotive force of the h-bridge convertor can be obtained both negative and positive electromotive force distribution [ 1 ] . Pulse width transition in the h-bridge convertor helps to command the armature circuit of the DC motor [ 1 ] . Maximal armature current ( torsion ) can be obtained by comparing clip invariable of both field twist and the armature weaving [ 1 ] . Since the motor is connected straight to the field twists supply electromotive force in the field twist is more when compared with the armature weaving. To keep equal clip invariable in both field and armature weaving [ 1 ] , the applied electromotive force in the armature twist should be increased, as the armature current increases the torsion end product is maximized [ 1 ] .3.1.3 Generating PWM moving ridge signifiersAs the torsion end product gets maximized, pulse breadth transition is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the perturbation in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequence degree of the H-bridge convertor at a higher scope. As the torsion end product gets maximized, pulse breadth transition is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the perturbation in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequence degree of the H-bridge convertor at a higher scope. FIGURE 12: Diagrammatic representation of the pulsation breadth transition is shown below [ 6 ] The below specification is referred from [ 6 ] Ton – Time is ON ( applied electromotive force ) Toff – Time OFF ( applied electromotive force ) T – Time period. Duty rhythm = . The mean electromotive force of the DC motor can be shown in an equation below Average = Duty rhythm A- Vin [ 6 ] When the motor is running at a changeless velocity the back voltage of the motor is besides remain changeless. As the back voltage remain the same the motor running at changeless velocity and the armature current ( Ia ) is zero. PWM is one chief portion that is required for the operation of cascade control.4. Software used to drive the Motors4.1 Programing microcontroller in Flexible inverted board utilizing C-languageIn the flexible inverter board PIC microcontroller plays a major place in directing the pulsation breadth transition. The Ton clip in the pulsation breadth transition ( PWM ) signal can be modulated or controlled by the microcontroller, as the microcontroller varies the clip, the speed of the motor alterations with regard to clip. The Programing linguistic communication used in microcontroller is embedded C. The scheduling codifications are downloaded in the microcontroller bit, the downloading attack can be done by a package development tool called MPLAB, this package exists in supervising the systems, this package should be foremost installed in the Personal computer, the code rs will compose the codifications to modulate the PI accountant to get Applicable beginning from the current cringle of the cascade control map. Once the codifications are accepted harmonizing to the current cringle [ 1 ] , the plans can be downloaded in the microcontroller through cosmopolitan consecutive coach or in circuit Debugger ( ICD ) ; ICD is a coach which interfaces Personal computer system and the flexible inverter Board. [ 6 ] In order to plan the microcontroller examine whether the hardware constituents are interfaced with the accountant. The scheduling linguistic communication used for programming the accountant is C linguistic communication. In c-language the information ‘s are classified in to input informations and end product informations. The microcontroller direct the information in linear signal, where the C-language wo n't accept linear signals.To avoid the state of affairs ADC convertor and encoder interface are introduced in the system. ADC stands for parallel to digital convertor ; it converts the linear signal in to digital signals. Then the digital signals get received by the C-program as input informations. In turns c-program will direct the end product informations to the PWM unit. UART communicating system is a bidirectional so that microcontroller and Personal computer can pass on at the same time. UART stands for cosmopolitan asynchronous receiving system sender. The basic diagram matic representation for system communicating with C-language is shown below FIGURE 13: System communicating in C – Programing Language. In C-language foremost initialise all the maps required for the velocity control of motor.4.1.1Current detector input:The current in the motor spiral is one of import parametric quantity in the effectual running of the motor. So it is indispensable to mensurate the value of this current. The measuring of the current is performed by utilizing particular detectors call Hall Effect Sensors. The scope of the current is determined by the evaluation of the motor. Any over current in the motor can severely damage the motor. The Hall Effect detectors produce a electromotive force matching to the stage current. This is fed to the ADC inputs of the micro accountant where it is converted into the digital signals. This is so fed into the microcontroller plan. Hence the current demands to be limited within specific limits.CL1, CL2 and CL3 are the three current detectors variables used in this cryptography. The spot ratio of the ADC input is 10 so the input informations scopes from 0 to 1023. The maximal informations bound for the current detector is 1023.so the current detector value in the C- codification is initiated as CL1 = 511 ; CL2 = 511 ; CL3 = 0 ;4.1.2 Encoder input:For any velocity accountant, the existent velocity of the rotor forms the footing for the control signals. The velocity control signal can be changed merely if there is an mistake between the existent velocity of the rotor and the coveted velocity of the rotor. If the measured velocity is less than the coveted velocity so the PWM pulsations are changing consequently to increase the velocity. To execute this action a shaft encoder is used. The shaft encoder uses an opto-mechanical system to bring forth pulsations. These pulsations so are used to deduce the velocity of the rotor. A mention pulsation is used as an index to number the pulsation. This information is fed to the microcontroller, which so uses a particular timing circuit that processes these encoder pulsations. The motor velocity to be accessed by the microcontroller needs to be stored in a variable within the micro accountant codification. The variable used in this plan is a variable called revolutions per minute. This variable is accessed to cipher all maps related to the motor velocity.4.1.3 Pulse Width Modulation:The MOSFET ‘s in the circuit is used as switches. These MOSFET ‘s are switched harmonizing to a PWM. To drive these MOSFETs ‘ a gate driver circuit is required. The gate thrust signal generates the electromotive force required for the operation of these MOSFET ‘s. The PWM is generated by the microcontroller harmonizing to the plan and is supplied to the gate thrust circuit. The PWM signals are sep arate for each if the 3 legs of the MOSFET inverter. Each of the PWM requires a transition index to bring forth the signal. These transition indexes are stored in a registry. The registries are named as PDC1, PDC2, and PDC3. These variables are really important in bring forthing the PWM signals for the MOSFET drivers. Since informations bound is 1023.4.1.4 Initializing the codification in C – linguistic communicationBefore executing any map in C-language, it requires an low-level formatting. It is of import to initialising the variable of a map. Some the maps are initialized below.Init PORT ( )This map initialise the digital input and end product port or parallel input and parallel end product of the microcontroller.Init UART ( )It is one of pin in the microcontroller.The chief map of the UART is used for bidirectional communicating with Personal computer. Since UART can able to observe the transmittal velocity in informations transportation between the microcontroller and Pe rsonal computer. The maximal transmittal velocity is around 19200.the informations transportation wo n't transcend the bound.Init PWM ( )The input frequence of our PWM signal is 10kHz.the clip bound for the transition index is around 0-1474.in the h-bridge convertor has two legs so each leg produces a PWM signal with a maximal clip bound of 0-737. Hence the Ton clip of PWM signal will be in 1:1 responsibility ratio.Init ADC ( )It is used to change over the parallel signals in to digital signals. In the microcontroller there are five pins reserved for the ADC inputs. During the informations transmittal ADC maps plays a of import function in disrupting the signal. An low-level formatting is required for the interrupt to execute any map in C- linguistic communication.Init CAPTURE ( )The gaining control map is chiefly used to mensurate the frequence and clip period of the PWM wave signifier generated from the two legs J30 and J31 pins of the H-bridge convertorInitTimer3 ( ) and InitTime r1 ( )To put initial clip in the microcontroller for the gaining control map and timer 1 set the starting clip for the interrupt map happened in the UART communicating system.Interrupts:Interrupts are occurred merely during the informations transportation, when the transmittal velocity that is the baud rate is known means the interrupts can be added to the system easily.in our undertaking the baud rate is 19200.the chief map of the interrupt is used synchronize clip period of PWM with the velocity cringle and the current cringle of the motor. In our undertaking four different type of interrupt service modus operandi are used. They are ISR_ADCInterput ( ) This interrupt is triggered when the ADC finishes its transition and hence its get synchronized to the microcontroller PWM clip base. From this all the application control codification to be implemented in this interrupts service modus operandi.ISR_T1Interput ( )The assorted information to the Personal computer is transferred by utilizing the UART communicating nexus in this interrupts service modus operandi. All the variables that are needed to be mentioned in this everyday utilizing standard C map dash ( ) .ISR_U1RXInterput ( )Assorted information is transferred from the Personal computer in to the C plan. This everyday concedes us to modulate the facets of the plan when it is running.ISR_IC1Interput ( )It measures the velocity value from clocking informations that are attained in the input gaining control faculty. FIGURE 14 The connexion diagram for the velocity control of Dc motor is shown above Chapter 55 Consequences and treatmentAs discussed earlier the assorted maps of hardware constituents in this undertaking, this subdivision discusses the inside informations sing how the undertaking deals with comparing and measuring the consequences. Undertaking has a series of stairss ; each measure is assigned with different operation techniques to put to death the concluding consequences. 5.1 Initial connexion trial between MPLAB IDE and Flexible inverted Board Initially the system needs to be interfaced utilizing the flexible inverter board. This operation is performed by linking the Personal computer to the flexible upside-down board. To link the Personal computer to the flexible upside-down board, ICD 3 interface port is used to finish the connexion. Since the informations transmittal velocity in ICD 3 is high when compared with ICD 2, the power supply to the inverted board is supplied through the Dc power supply generator. The Initial conditions were set to the power supply generator where the electromotive force bound and current bound is zero. For the Dc motor maximal electromotive force supply is 24voltage in VDC and a current of 0.5 ampere is set in the power supply generator which is so connected to the inverter board. Once the initial conditions are set, the power generator is fitted with a path button which needs to be held and at the same time the end product button needs to be pressed. Once the end product button is turned ON, the power is applied to the inverted board. On the other manus MPLAB IDE package is opened in the system, where a new file demands to be created so the needed compiler for this undertaking needs to be selected. Once these scenes are done the debugger option in the MPLAB ICD 3 is chosen, the package will initialise the tool and a verification message was displayed on the screen which says â€Å" ICD 3 is connected † . The codifications for this were designed in the MPLAB package and burnt in the Ds PIC microcontroller by ICD 3 interface. 5.2 Measure 3, 4 & A ; 5 One of the ADC input pin in the PIC microcontroller demands to be initialize as ADCBUF0. The maximal input scope of ADC interrupt is 1023 since ADC input is initialized as IN1. When IN1 is initialized as ADCBUF0 in C-language it can be written as{IN1 = ADCBUF0 ; PDC1 = IN1 ; IFS0bits.ADIF = 0 ;}Here IN1 is the informations value for the spare port in the flexible upside-down board. The maximal IN1 value is 1023. As mentioned earlier PDC1 is initialized as one leg portion H-bridge convertor, where PDC1 is 1474 and a unipolar pulsation breadth transition was generated. If IFS0bits.ADIF is zero, it means that the chief used to initialise ADIF value is 0 in other words it is the default value. PDC1 = 2*IN1 ; Similarly in measure 4 multiply the spare port input value with 2. Then the PDC1 input scope will transcend so ‘if ‘ statements are used to restrict the value of PDC1 from 0 to 1474. To restrict the values of PDC1 the codification in C-language can be implemented as ; PDC1 = 2*IN1 ; If ( PDC1 & gt ; 1474 ) PDC1= 1474 ; 5.3 Step6 & A ; 7 The flexible upside-down board consists of a gate triggered circuit in other words they are known as MOSFETS. Wholly 6 MOSFETS are available in the flexible upside-down board. In our undertaking two MOSFET are used and both of them are connected to the legs of the H-bridge convertor. The MOSFETS that are connected to H-bridge convertor are ‘U10 and U13 ‘ & As ; ‘U11 and U14 ‘ . To supervise and look into if the MOSFETS are triping the pulsation or non it can be done by analyzing the trial points available in the flexible upside-down board. This is done utilizing the CRO where the trial points are connected via investigations as a consequence triping pulsation is produced. The diagrammatic representation of Square wave signifier is shown below. FIGURE 15The above diagram represents the general pulsation wave form Depending on the transition index value produced by the ADC input the responsibility ratio of the pulse fit transition varies consequently. In other words the transition index is straight relative to the responsibility ratio. Using appropriate C plan the ensuing wave form from the three different responsibility ratios was observed to be in the square form. When the CRO is connected to the trial point J30, three different per centums were obtained due to the different responsibility rhythms. The C codifications that were used to obtain the wave forms are mentioned below: C codification for 50 % responsibility rhythm: PDC1 = MI + 737 ; PDC2 = MI – 737 ; Manual computation for 50 % responsibility rhythm Since PDC1 = 1474 If PDC1/2 = 1474/2 = 737. Resulting wave form for 50 % responsibility rhythm is shown below FIGURE 16 moving ridge from for 50 % responsibility rhythm C codification for 25 % dutycycle: PDC1 = MI + 1105.5 ; PDC2 = MI – 1105.5 ; Manual computation for 25 % dutycycle: ( PDC1 and PDC2 ) value for 50 % responsibility rhythm is 737 ( PDC1 and PDC2 ) value for 75 % responsibility rhythm is 368.5 For 25 % responsibility rhythm add both 737 + 368.5 = 1105.5 Resulting wave form for 25 % dutycycle: FIGURE 17 moving ridge signifier for 25 % responsibility rhythm Code for 75 % dutycycle: PDC1 = MI + 368.5 ; PDC2 = MI – 368.5 ; Manual computation for 75 % responsibility rhythm For PDC1 and PDC2 is 737 Divide PDC1 and PDC2 by 2 The solution for for PDC1 and PDC2 is 368.5. Resulting wave signifier for 75 % dutycycle FIGURE 18 moving ridge signifier for 75 % responsibility rhythm 5.4 Measure 7 The last operation is based on linking the CRO with the trial point J30 in the flexible upside-down board, likewise the same operation is performed in another trial point J31. The triggered pulsation obtained from the MOSFETS is shown below for the different responsibility rhythm ratio as already mentioned in measure 6. Resulting wave form for 25 % responsibility rhythm: FIGURE 19 Resulting wave signifier for 25 % responsibility rhythm in trial point J31 Resulting wave signifier for 50 % responsibility rhythm is shown below FIGURE 19 Resulting wave signifier for 50 % responsibility rhythm in trial point J31 FIGURE 20 Resulting wave signifier for 75 % responsibility rhythm: From above three wave signifiers each differs in their responsibility ratio. Then compare the wave form of J30 & A ; J31. The different is happened because of hold or mistake occurred during the informations transmittal. 5.5 Measure 10 In the initial status of the spare port is set as nothing. Then the responsibility rhythm of the PWM 1 is high and PWM 2 will be low.In other words PWM1 is reciprocally relative to PWM2. Similarly in the ulterior status when the spare port is turning toward the higher terminal. Now the responsibility rhythm of PWM 2 is found to be more than 95 % . The end product of the PWM is determined from the CRO. Since the value of PDC1 and PDC2 will be 1474.due to 1:1 responsibility ratio. The input informations values are every bit shared by both PDC1 and PDC2. In some conditions when the PDC1 = 2*IN1.the value of IN1 is 1023, and so value of PDC1 is 2046. As per the conditions mentioned earlier the value should non transcend the input informations bound 1474. Such state of affairs are handled with aid of if statements. Using if statement how the status is satisfied in C cryptography PDC1 = 737+MI ; PDC2=737-MI ; If ( PDC1 & gt ; 1474 ) PDC1 = 1474 ; If ( PDC2 & gt ; 1474 ) PDC2=1474 ; This codification C2=1474-PDC1 makes the motor to revolve at rearward way. When the above codification is compiled and executed the electric resistance value increased or decreased by manually tuning the spare port in the flexible upside-down board. Harmonizing to the opposition value in the microcontroller the amplitude and the current flow can be controlled. 5.6 Measure 11 Ripple current and RL Load Now connect the RL burden with the connection of the flexible upside-down board to cipher the ripple current. In the connection of the flexible inverted board has two points. They are sing as point A and point B. Ripple current can be calculated by a device called current investigation. First connect the current investigation to the point A of the connection and view the mean value of the ripple current in the CRO. The wave form for the mean ripple current value for point A is shown below. FIGURE 21 moving ridge signifier for responsibility cycle1 with 1H and duty rhythm 2 1L ( indicate A ) 1H – High End product 1L – Low End product In this wave form the conditions are wholly reversed when compared with the above wave form. The responsibility rhythm 1 with 1L and duty rhythm 2 with 1H ( indicate A ) FIGURE 22 moving ridge signifier for responsibility cycle1 with 2L and duty rhythm 2 1H ( indicate A ) Once the rippling currents are calculated in point A. the similar operation is performed by the current investigation in point B. the wave forms are shown below FIGURE 23 wave form for responsibility cycle1 with 1H and responsibility cycle2 with 1L ( point B ) FIGURE 24 wave form for responsibility cycle1 with 2L and responsibility cycle2 with 2H ( point B ) 5.7 Measure 12 This measure deals with ciphering the beginning and derive value of ripple current through current investigation as discussed earlier. These values are chiefly used for trying the input informations ‘s from the microcontroller. In order to cipher the beginning and addition value the values need to be identified as shown in the tabular matter below they are ; ADC electromotive force, current detector, PDC1 and PDC2. Initially the interface needs to be reloaded with the flexible upside-down board. The PDC1 and PDC2 value can be determined by the ticker option in MPLAB IDE package. The current detector in the flexible inverted board has a trial point J43. Then the current detector value was measured by multi metre through the trial point. For this a 24 electromotive force Dc motor the maximal current detector value gettable will be 2.57voltage. Initially set the spare port value to zero, so look into the current detector value by a multi metre where it showed 2.57. By increasing the electric resistance of the spare port the current detector and ADC electromotive force will be bit by bit decreased nevertheless at one phase the ADC electromotive force bit by bit decreases to zero. Later the ADC electromotive for ce value increased easy but the current detector invariably decreased as shown in the tabular matter. These values were recorded in the tabular matter. Subtracted ADC electromotive force value from PDC1 value and the mean value consequence was recorded in the new column. Then the mean value for the new column is calculated. Table 2 Tabular column for ciphering beginning and addition values ADC electromotive force Current detector PDC1 PDC2 PDC2 – ADC electromotive force Spot 27.51 2.569 41 1433 13.49 4.46039 25.43 2.559 143 1331 117.57 21.79 2.544 283 1191 261.21 20.51 2.527 444 1030 423.49 17.79 2.517 546 928 528.21 0.0007 2.497 757 717 756.9993 3.72 2.478 960 514 956.28 4.07 2.462 1123 351 1118.93 18.4 2.43 1431 43 1412.6 5588.7793 620.9754778 Manual computation for the above tabular matter is shown below Offset spot = ( PDC1 – ADC electromotive force ) / entire figure values ( PDC1- ADC electromotive force ) = 13.49 + 117.57 + 261.21 + 528.21 + 756.9993 + 956.28 + 1118.93 + 1412.6 = 5588.7793 PDC1-ADC electromotive force = 5588.7793 Entire figure of values = 9 Average ( PDC1 – ADC electromotive force ) = 5588.7793/9 = + 620.9754778. Calculate the entire ADC electromotive force Entire ADC electromotive force =27.51 + 25.43 + 21.79 + 20.51 + 17.79 + 0.0007 + 3.72 + 4.07 + 18.4 = 132.5 Offset spot = + 620.9754778./ 132.5 = 4.4602 spot 5.8 Measure 13 In this subdivision connect 24 volt Dc motor to the flexible upside-down board. When the power supply is turned ON the motor rotates at a peculiar velocity and this velocity of the motor rotates harmonizing to the responsibility ratio produced by the H-bridge convertor. Initially test all the conditions to verify the on the job status of the motor. The motor used here is fitted with an encoder that is attached together. Since the flexible inverted board has an encoder sensor the encoder portion of the motor was connected to the encoder sensor, therefore the motor satisfies the conditions mentioned above.5.9 Measure 14In this measure, J14 pin of the flexible upside-down board is interfaced together with the system through a overseas telegram. Using Lab position package ‘s the Tacho scope, RPM can be determined. PDC1, PDC2 and their corresponding responsibility rhythm per centum are viewed. Like this similar operation Table 3 Tabular column for ciphering electromotive force Vs velocity Tacho Vdc Revolutions per minute PDC1 PDC2 Duty 1 % Duty 2 % 1 -18.1 1776 150 1324 89.2 11.2 2 -14.5 1416 270 1204 81.1 19.9 3 -10.71 1047 388 1087 73.3 27.1 4 -7.46 727 482 992 66.5 35.5 5 -3.42 334 596 878 58 42 6 0 95 714 760 50 49.6 7 1.69 165 826 648 45.6 54.4 8 5.5 538 941 532 38.2 62.2 9 9.33 919 1049 423 29.8 70.1 10 12.9 1265 1155 320 22.3 72.9 11 16.1 1578 1256 219 15.5 85.5 12 19.6 1919 1374 97 9 92 RPM = K To cipher the value of the K K = Vdc12 – Vdc1/RPM12 – RPM1 K = 19.6-18.1/1919 – 1776 K = 0.0104 As per the demands from the tabular matter secret plan the graph for Vdc ( electromotive force ) V RPM The graph representation is shown below FIGURE 25 Voltage Vs Speed5.10 Measure 155.10.1Current cringleOnce the mean value of the ripple current and the beginning values are calculated, to command the velocity of the motor, foremost the applied electromotive force of the motor should be controlled. Interestingly the applied electromotive force can be determined from the current cringle of the relative and Built-in accountant in other words as PI accountant. Since the operation of PI accountant is explained before itself. In the PI accountant current plays the interior cringle, and it is 10 times faster than the outer cringle. So the interior cringle is executed foremost. A measure input given to the PI accountant. The consequence expected from the end product of the PI accountant as a measure end product with extremum over shoot. This extremum over shoot increases the steady province mistake besides increases. In bends steady province mistake produces a electromotive force bead in the motor. So the velocity of the motor bit by bit decreases. This state of affairs can be overcome by seting the addition of both relative and built-in. The maximal extremum over shoot degree is 7.5 % . If the degree exceeds, the end product of the current cringle is non in a stable status. If the system is non stable, it is hard to command the velocity of the motor. the graphical representation of the expected current cringle is shown below. FIGURE 26 measure response end product for current cringle In the above measure response the ia* and Iowa are the demand current and the armature current. Since the current detector value 1023. Two current detectors are used. They CL1 and CL2 The armature current Iowa = 511 Demand current ia* = 511 Tocopherol is the mistake E = demand current – armature current E = ia* – Iowa E = 511 – 511 = 0 ; Harmonizing to the computation shown above.The codification is compiled in C-language for the current cringle. In the cryptography First originate the addition values of the PI accountant as kpi and kii. int kpi, kii ; kpi=10 ; kii=0 ; Then initialise the mistake, armature current and demand current as i_error, Iowa and ia_demand int Iowa, ia_demand, i_error ; Iowa = CL1 ; ( initialise current detector 1 as armature current of the motor ) CL1 = 511 ; ( initialise the value of current detector 1 as 511 ) ia_demand = 511 ; ( demand armature current ) i_error = ia_demand – CL1 ; ( Error in the armature current can be determined by deducting the armature currenr ( Iowa ) from the demand armature current ( ia* ) . The expected mistake should be zero. when the above codification is executed in MPLAB package. In the get downing the mistake is non zero. Some clip the current detector value differs. As per the codification the expected CL1 value should 511. In this status, a new set of codification is implemented. In this codification, if statements are used for the CL1 value. Then the current detector value will be within the scope. if ( 510 & lt ; CL1 & A ; & A ; CL1 & lt ; 517 ) the value CL1 ranges from ( 511 to 517 ) The manual tuning of kpi and kii alterations CL1 from 511 to some other value. As a consequence mistake occurs in the extremum over shoot. For illustration if CL1 is 514, which is displayed on the ticker of MPLAB Since the expected CL1 is 511 but CL1 is 514 The mistake difference between the expected and the present value is 3. The avoid the mistake difference in CL1 a simple codification is designed below CL1 = CL1 -3 ; ( if CL1 is 514, 514 – 3 is 511 ) . The mistake is zero but the extremum over shoot is still high. This is due built-in air current up map because the built-in added with kii in PI accountant. To avoid this mistake separate codification is executed in C cryptography. The variable zi is initialized as built-in collector and its value is 737. if ( zi & gt ; 737 ) zi=737 ; if ( zi & lt ; -737 ) zi=-737 ; the above codification keeps the zi value within the scope. Since i_error = 511 zi = 737 + 511 zi = zi+i_error ; ( anti air current up codification added with an mistake ) In order to avoid the built-in mistake multiply built-in collector with built-in addition ( kii ) . kii * zi ( eqn 1 ) Multiply the mistake with the addition of proportional. kpi * i_error ( eqn 2 ) add both the eqn to acquire the concentrated transition index. This map will cut down the steady province mistake and extremum over shoot. myocardial infarction = ( kpi*i_error ) + ( kii*zi ) ; From this codification the expected extremum over shoot is obtained with zero steady province mistake. The expected current cringle moving ridge signifier implemented from the codification is shown below In this moving ridge signifier over shoot is high. To cut down the over shoot and stead province mistake manually tune the kpi and kii value. Manual tuning is like a loop method to acquire a peculiar solution after many comparings take topographic point between kpi and kii values. The expected end product is non yet determined. So the expected end product is still under procedure.Mention[ 1 ] D.J.Atkinson, â€Å" Control of Electric thrusts, † EEE 8014 talk notes, School of electrical, electronic and Computer technology, Newcastle University,2011. [ c ] [ 2 ] R.Roberge, â€Å" Carbon coppice public presentation and application in the mush and paper environment † , National Electrical Carbon Products, 2001. [ 6 ] E.A.CHOON, â€Å" DCmotor velocity control utilizing microcontroller pic16f877a † , 2005, pp. 1-64. [ 3 ] K.Hameyer, R.J.M.Belmans, â€Å" Permanent magnet excited brushed DC motors † Dept. of Electrical. Engineering. Katholieke University, Vol. 43, 1996, pp. 247-255 [ a ] CONDIT, R. ( 2004 ) Brushed DC Motor Fundamentals Microchip Technology Inc. [ 5b ] P.Chevrel, L.Sicot, S.Siala, â€Å" Switched LQ accountant for DC Motor Speed and Current Control: a comparing with cascade control † , 1996. [ 4 ] G.J.Atkinson, â€Å" Electrical Power and Control Project, † EEE8075 ( Semester 1 ) talk notes, School of electrical, electronic and Computer technology, Newcastle University, 2011. [ 7 ] M.V.Ramesh, J.Amarnath, S.Kamakshaiah, G.S.Rao, â€Å" SPEED CONTROL OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR BY USING FUZZY LOGIC PI CONTROLLER † ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.Vol.6, NO. 9, 2011. [ 8 ] R. K. Munje, M. R. Roda, B. E. Kushare, â€Å" Speed Control of DC Motor Using PI and SMC † IPEC, 2010 Conference Proceedings, 2010, pp.945- 950. DS movie mention [ 2 ] . ( 2010 ) dsPIC30f3010 Data Sheet. Microchip Technology Inc. [ 16 ] .D'SOUZA, S. ( 2004 ) detector less BLDC Motor Control Using dsPIC30f2010. Microchip Technology Inc. [ 18 ] . ELLIOTT, C. & A ; BOWLING, S. ( 2004 ) Using the dsPIC30F for mindless BLDC control. IEEE Inc. [ 20 ] . HUDDLESTON, C. ( 2007 ) Intelligent detector design utilizing the micro chip Ds PIC [ electronic resource ] / by Creed Huddleston. , Elsevier/News. Tabulation J. Plantier, H. Aziza, J.M. Portal, C. Reliaud, A. Regnier, J.L. Ogier, â€Å" EEPROM tunnel oxide life-time dependability anticipation based on fast electrical emphasis trials † ELECTRONICS LETTERS Vol. 46 No. 23, 2010. Tang Yiliang, Cui Wenjin, Xie Xiaorong, Han Yingduo, Man-Chung Wong â€Å" 80Cl96MC Microcontroller-based Inverter Motor Control and IR2130 Six-output IGBT Driver † Department of Electrical Engineering and Faculty of Science and Technology, 1999, pp.665-667. [ FIGURE9 and 3.1.2.1 ] David Cook â€Å" CHAPTER 14 Variable Resistors ROBOT Building FOR BEGINNERS † , 2010, pp 173-191. [ trimport ]