Private Health Insurance In Kenya Economics Essay

secluded Health redress In Kenya Economics Essay restitution is an arrangement by which one party The insurer promises to endure another party the insured or policy holder a sum of cash if something happens which causes the insured to suffer financial loss (Diacon.S.R and Carter R.L, 1998) In the agone few grades, private wellness damages sector in Kenya has been recorded as the highest loss-making restitution policy class with loss ratios of 74.0 per cent, 80.4 per cent , 81.5 per cent and 83.5 per cent in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 respectively (AKI report, 2011). individualal health amends has go on to discharge poorly in the stratum 2011, posting a loss of 650 Million comp bed to a loss of Kshs. 530 Million in the previous year.According to the tie of Kenya insurers (2011), however four out of the 20 clannish health damages providers in Kenya made an underwriting profit in 2011, the four include General Accident amends Company, Jubilee Insurance Company, Me r jackpottile Insurance Company and Real Insurance Company. The sector has the highest loss ratio in the industry of 83.5% with clear earned premiums reaching KES 8.9bn (US$74.5mn) and net incurred claims reached KES 5.4 bn (US$60.6mn).This trend has been consistent for the ultimately 4 years 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, with any indications that 2012 ordain also be a loss, a situation has prompted the occult health indemnification premiums to be increased from eon to time but the situation has not been improved much, it is therefore imperative to examine the challenges facing Private health insurance companies and their effect on course performance with a view of informing future insurance policy formulation.This study get out seek to investigate the cchallenges facing insurance companies in the supplying of Private Health insurance and their effect on business performance because this sector is an important one for the economic development of the Nation hence the necess itate to guard it.This chapter presents the impaleground of the study, statement of the problem, use of the study, inquiry objectives, research questions, justification of the study, significance of the study, assumptions limitations and delimitations, definition of terms and chapter summary.1.1 Background of the StudyHealth insurance is a form of collectivism by means of which bulk corporally pool their hazard, in this case the risk of incurring medical checkup expenses. It is a contract in the midst of an insurance company and an individual or a haunt in the form of an employer. The contract can be renewable annually or monthly depending on the agreement between the parties in that contract. The type and amount of health get by costs that pass on be cover by the health insurance company are specified in advance, in the member policy contract.The importance of health insurance cannot be underestimated in any economy. As ascertained by Wasow and Hill (1986) who argued tha t health insurance is an important channel for financial capital accumulation. Health insurance companies policies offer policies, which are purchased exclusively to protect the guest against risk. They often involve substantial savings. This is because Insurance companies must accumulate reserves against anticipated future claims which provide for bad sums of money, which can be lend to individuals, the government, commercialism and industry.According to the field health Organization (World Health Report, 2008), access to health maintenance is the right of every individual. Governments all over the world devour therefore undertaken sundry(a) programs in order to realize this objective. The Government of Kenya has also not been left behind on this as Kenya is a signatory to the Abuja Declaration (Institute of insurance policy and Research, 2005) which requires its signatory member states to spend at least 15% of their Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic harvest-tide) on h ealth sustainment. As of the year 2009, Kenya spent 9% of her GDP on healthcare which was far below the exhorted attribute (IPAR, 2005).Health insurance schemes are an increasingly recognized factor as a tool to finance health care provision in low and middle income countries. Given the high latent demand from people for health care services of a good quality and the extreme under-utilization of health services in several countries, it has been argued that kind health insurance may improve the access to health care of acceptable quality. Whereas alternative forms of health care financing and cost recovery strategies like user fees have been heavily criticized, the option of insurance seems to be a promising alternative as it is a possibility to pool risk transferring, unforeseeable health care costs to ameliorate premiums.Private health insurance is considered private when the third party (insurer) is a profit seeking organization much(prenominal) as the private insurance compa nies. In Private Health insurance, people pay premiums related to the expected cost of health services to be provided to them. therefore, people who are in high health risk concourses pay more, and those at low risk pay less. Membership to a private insurance scheme is unremarkably voluntary and is solely based on the decision of the insured. Private Health insurance has been offered by general insurance firms as one of their portfolio of products.One of the overall goals of the Government of Kenya is to promote and improve the health status of all Kenyans by making health services more efficient, available and affordable. The importance of Private health insurance in the provision and utilization of health care cannot be overemphasized. Funding for health care has become a cooperative responsibility shared among the government, employers, and insurance companies because of the importance of the service and the rising costs of medical services. This stumbles Private health insu rance one of the most significant instruments to maintain a healthy workforce to drive the economy. Private health insurance coverage is provided by public and private sources. Public sources include National Hospital Insurance Fund while private sources include private insurance companies such as APA insurance company Kenya limited, UAP Insurance Company limited, Jubilee Insurance Company and Madison Insurance among others1.1.1 Private health InsuranceHealth insurance is an institutional and financial mechanism that helps households and private individuals to set aside financial resources to meet costs of medical care in event of illness. It is based on the dogma of pooling pecuniary resource and entrusting management of such funds to a third party that pays for healthcare costs of members who contribute to the pool. The third party can be government, employer, insurance company or a provider (Kraushaar, 1994).Wangombe et al., (1994) site two categories of private health insura nce in Kenya direct private health insurance and, traffic based insurance. Direct private health insurance is very expensive and scarcely the middle and high-income groups afford it (Nderitu, 2002). In the employment-based plans, the employer provides care directly through employer-owned on site health facility, or through employer contracts with health facilities or healthcare organisations. These are both voluntary health schemes and are not legislated by the government.1.1.2 Private Health Insurance in KenyaAccording to the AKI report (2011) there was 47 licenses insurance Companies with 20 companies licensed to practice and sale health insurance products. There are additional 23 medical Insurance providers (MIPs) which are more of managed care organization.The total premiums for private medical insurance in 2011 were over 8.3 one million million million with claims ratio at 83.5 percent. Private health insurance accounts for 15 percent of the gross total premium for all insur ance products in 2011. According to the World Bank working paper number 193 (2010), the health insurance penetration stands at 2 percent with about 600,000 people insured with public insurance and over 2 million insured under the public insurance NHIFIn the past few years, private health insurance sector in Kenya has been recorded as the highest loss-making insurance class with loss ratios of 74.0 per cent, 80.4 per cent , 81.5 per cent and 83.5 per cent in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 respectively (AKI report, 2011). Private health insurance has continued to perform poorly in the year 2011, posting a loss of 650 Million compared to a loss of Kshs. 530 Million in the previous year. According to the Association of Kenya Insurers (2011), only four out of the 20 Private Health Insurance providers in Kenya made an underwriting profit in 2011, the four include General Accident Insurance Company, Jubilee Insurance Company, Mercantile Insurance Company and Real Insurance Company. The sector ha s the highest loss ratio in the industry of 83.5% with net earned premiums reaching KES 8.9bn (US$74.5mn) and net incurred claims reached KES 5.4 bn (US$60.6mn).1.2 Statement of the ProblemDespite numerous efforts and strategies by insurance companies to maximize profitability, private health insurance has been performing poorly The insurance industry in Kenya is experiencing diverse challenges, key among them being the poor public perception of insurance (AKI Report, 2011 despite being the highest loss making class among the other classes of insurance. In the past few years, private health insurance sector in Kenya has been the highest loss-making class with loss ratios of 74.0 per cent, 80.4 per cent, 81.5 and 83.5per cent in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 respectively (AKI report, 2011). Private health insurance has continued to perform poorly in the year 2011, posting a loss of 650 Million compared to a loss of Kshs. 530 Million in the previous year. According to the Association of Ke nya Insurers (2011), only four out of the 20 Private health insurance providers in Kenya made an underwriting profit in 2011. The sector has the highest loss ratio in the industry of 83.5% with net earned premiums reaching KES 8.9bn (US$74.5mn) and net incurred claims reached KES 5.4 bn (US$60.6mn). The trend has been consistent for the last 4 years 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, with all indications that 2012 will also be a loss, this has prompted the Private health insurance premiums to be increased from time to time but the situation has not been improved muchA big proportion of health insurance companies covering Private health insurance have continued to suffer losses and take care the risk of collapse unless urgent measures are taken to understand and mitigate against the current the trend of losses where the total premiums collected cannot fund the number of claims incurred thereby forcing insurance companies to finance the claims with other premiums, thereby compromising prof itability. The sale of private health insurance products in the Kenyan industry is proving to be a high risk investment for insurance companies. several(prenominal) companies have collapsed with billions of policyholders funds, causing perplexity and turmoil in the insurance industry. Examples of some of the insurance providers doing Private health insurance that have collapsed in Kenya include stripping health, Mediplus and Smart Guard. Discovery Health, Health Plan services, Medex and Mesco consultantsThere is slim empirical data and training available on the challenges and constraints facing private health insurance in Kenya. The study will therefore seek to address this knowledge banquet. An explication of the challenges facing Private health insurance will facilitate insurance companies in positioning their products better in the market, and enable them undertake mitigation measures to ensure profitability. The study will seek to investigate the real challenges facing Priv ate health insurance in Kenya, and the effects on business performance with a view of informing the formulation of effective mitigation strategies.1.3 Purpose of the studyThe purpose of this study is to examine the the challenges facing insurance companies in the provision of private health insurance and the effect on business performance1.4 Research ObjectivesTo identify the challenges facing the Private health insurance companies in Kenya.To determine the effects of these challenges on the business performance of Private Health insurance companies in Kenya.To recommend strategical interventions measures to address the challenges facing the Private health insurance sub sector in Kenya.1.5 Research QuestionsWhat are the challenges affecting provision of Private health insurance companies in Kenya?How do these challenges affect the performance of the Private health insurance companies in Kenya?What interventions measures can be employed to address the challenges in the Private healt h insurance Companies in Kenya?1.6 JustificationPrevious research studies on insurance have c at a timentrated on documenting the coverage and impact of insurance products, with little empirical evidence on factors affecting the sustainability of different insurance categories in the long term. It is envisaged that this research study will serve to fill this knowledge gap by identifying and elucidating the challenges that influence the implementation of private Health insurance, and contribute to the existing body of knowledge on insurance. It is hoped that this study will yield data and reading that will be useful in formulating sound insurance policies and form the rear end for further research and review on the insurance sector in Kenya. As such this study is important as it will identify the challenges facing the private health Insurance sector and how the challenges can be rationalize to ensure the industry grows and does not make losses.1.7 Significance of the studyThis stu dy will be important to various stakeholders including Private health insurance providers, future researchers and academicians, Association of Kenya Insurers, Insurance Regulatory Authorities and the General public.1.7.1 Private Health Insurance ProvidersThe findings and recommendations of this study will be useful to new Private health insurance providers intending to introduce new Private health insurance products by enabling them to formulate and target their products effectively. The study will benefit the existing Private Health insurers in understanding underwriting challenges facing medical insurance and how to address with the problems. Managers of insurance companies will find the findings of this study useful in designing strategic plans to help their businesses gain competitive advantage.1.7.2 AcademiaKnowledge seekers in the fields of economics, research methods, management, and development studies will find this research study useful. In particular, this research study will be beneficial to the researchers with research interests in insurance, by serving as a point of reference. In addition, future researchers will be able to formulate further studies based on the recommendations of this study. The author, who is also a knowledge seeker, will be awarded a Master of Business Administration breaker point by successfully completing this research study.1.7.3 Government and Regulatory agenciesGovernment and regulatory agencies will find the findings and recommendations of this study useful in formulating future insurance regulations and jurisprudences that will aid in regulating and operationalization of the private health insurance industry.1.7.4 Employers and Members of the PublicThe study will benefit the members of the public by helping clear up the operation of the insurance business and thereby appreciate the role of private Health insurance as well as challenges facing the Private health insurance sector in Kenya. Employers will find the find ings and recommendations useful in understanding underwriting conditions proposed by insurance companies in Private Health insurance covers.1.8 orbit of the StudyThe target population of this study will be all the Private health insurance providers currently operating in Nairobi, Kenya. The study will cover all the insurance companies licensed to offer Private Health insurance. Data will be collected by administering a questionnaire to managerial module in the insurance companies.1.9 Limitations and DelimitationsThis research study may encounter a number of limitations. First, the data collection will be subjected to insurance managers who may have their own formed opinions on the challenges of Private health insurance, which they may fail to articulate or tend to overemphasize for fear of the nurture being use for other reasons other than academic. To overcome this limitation, the researcher will carry along an introduction letter from Daystar University to confirm that the data requested will only be used for academic reasons.Data collection procedure will be restricted to the use of questionnaires thereby locking out other rattling data collection tools like document analysis as they may not be availed by the companies for scrutiny. To overcome this, the study will visit the Companies websites and the information filed with the Insurance Regulatory Authority and the Association of Insurance to add on the information collected. The study will also look into other studies that have been through by other scholars on this subject.1.10 Definition of termsPrinciple A principle denotes a general guiding rule, which does not include specific directions, which falsify according to the subject matter (Holzheu, 2006).Insure To make sure or secure, to guarantee, as to insure safety to anyone. It also means to indemnify a person against pecuniary loss from specified perils or possible liability (Chen and Wong, 2004)Insured The insured is the policy-holder who is en titled to remedy or monetary compensation on the chance of an event insured against. The insured is also the person who obtains or is otherwise covered by insurance on his health, purport or property (Holzheu, 2006).Insurer He is the party who undertakes in consideration of an amount gainful to him by the insured (premium) to pay money to the insured or assured on the contingency of a stated (Holzheu, 2006).Underwriting The military operation of assessing and classifying the degree of risk presented by a proposed insured or group with respect to a specific insurance product and making a decision concerning the acceptance of that risk. ( Bickley.M,C,Jones H. E, Brown.B.F and Brown J.L 2007)Adverse selection People with a higher(prenominal) than average risks of needing health care are more likely than people to seek health insurance. Adverse selection results when these less healthy people disproportionately enroll into a risk pool.People with a higher than average risks of nee ding health care are more likely than people to seek health insurance (De Weerdt and Dercon, 2006).Co-insurance A form of medical cost share in a health insurance plan that requires an insured person to pay a stated percentage of medical expenses after the deductible amount, if any, was paid (Gertler and Gruber, 2002).Co-payment A form of medical cost sharing in a health insurance plan that requires an insured person to pay a fixed amount when a medical service is received (Leive and Xu, 2008).Deductible A fixed dollar amount during the benefit period commonly a year that an insured person pays before the insurer starts to make payments for covered medical services. Plans may have both per individual and family deductibles (Leive and Xu, 2008).Fully insured plan A plan where the employer contracts with another organization to assume financial responsibility for the enrollees medical claims and for all incurred administrative costs (Russel, 1996).Premium Agreed upon fees paid fo r coverage of medical benefits for a defined benefit period. Premiums can be paid by employers, unions, employees, or shared by both the insured individual and the plan sponsor (Leive and Xu, 2008).Self-insured plan A plan offered by employers who directly assume the major(ip) cost of health insurance for their employees (De Weerdt and Dercon, 2006).CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionThis chapter summarized the information from other researchers who had carried out their research in the alike(p) study challenges facing health insurance and their effects on busines performance. The study specifically covers the theoretical discussions, conceptual framework and research gap.2.1 Insurance2.1.1 Concept of RiskThe existence of risk is the fundamental rationale for insurance (Criel 1997). If there is one thing about which we can be certain in this world, it is that uncertainty surrounds all that we do. This uncertainty is at the heart of risk and risk is at the very core of insu rance. Risk would be defined as the probability of a cause of an event with negative outcome occurring. The cost of risk can be looked at in at least three different perspective i.e. frequency of risk, monetary cost or financial severity and human cost in terms of annoying and suffering (Dickson 2002). In view of the adverse effects of risks there is a need for risks to be managed. Insurance companies are able to provide protection against the financial consequences of loss because the concept of risk pooling2.1.2 Insurance DeviceInsurance contract involves two parties including the insurer and the insured. The primary function of insurance is to act as a risk transfer mechanism. Insurance involves transferring or shifting risk from one individual to a group and sharing losses, on some equitable basis by all member of the group (Vaughan, 1989). Insurance has two fundamental characteristics namely transferring or shifting risks from an individual to a group and sharing losses on so me equitable basis by all member of the group (Dickson 2002). Insurance rests upon the principal of risk-sharing between many people. It relies on the law of large numbers whereby what is unpredictable for an individual is highly predictable for a large number of individuals (Criel, 1997). The law of large numbers state that typically the more clock we observe a particular event the more likely that it is that our observed result will approximate be true probability that the event will occur (Bickley, Jones, Brown. Brown, 2007 7)Insurance primarily concerns itself with risks which have financially measurable outcomes and whose outcome can only be unfavourable or leave enterprises in the same position as they were before occurrence of an event (Chen Wong, 2004). Insurance deals with fortuitous or accidental losses which must not be catastrophic for illustration wide spread in nature. To counter the tendency of the persons whose exposure to loss is higher than average to purchase or continue insuring to a greater issue than those whose exposure is less than average, which is referred to as avoidance of adverse selection, there must be randomness in the risks covered (Holzheu, 2006). That is there must be a proportion of good and bad risks in the insured group equal to the proportion of good and bad risk of the group on which the prediction is made. in conclusion the cost of insuring the risk must not be high in relation to the possible loss i.e. insurance must be economically feasible.The major activities of all insurers include rate-making, production, underwriting, loss adjustment and investment. Rate making is the process of determining the damage per unit of insurance which like any other p sift is a function of the cost of production. The rates must be adequate, not excessive and not unfairly discriminatory (Holzheu, 2006). The premium income of the insurer must be sufficient to cover losses and expenses. Production involves supervision of the sales efforts which is carried by the agents or salaried representatives of the Insurer while underwriting on the other hand is the process of selecting and classifying exposures. If an insurer does not select from among her applicants, the result will be adverse to them (Bickley et al, 2007).The main responsibility of the underwriter is to guard against adverse selection. While attempting to avoid adverse selection through rejection of undesirable risks, the underwriter must secure an adequate volume of exposures in each class. In addition they must guard against congestion or concentration of exposure that might result in a catastrophe (Marwa, 2007). Finally loss adjusting is the loss settlement process which provides for the indemnification of those members of the group who suffer losses. It is obviously important that the insurer pay claims fairly and promptly but it is equally important that insurers resist unjust claims and avoid overpayment of them (Vaughan, 1989). As a result of their operations, insurers accumulate large amounts of money for the payment of claims in the future which are added to the funds of the insurers themselves. It would be a costly waste to permit these funds to remain idle and it is the responsibility of the insurers finance department to see that they are properly invested.2.1.3 Basic principles of InsuranceInsurance practice is reputed for its general principles, and the principle of indemnity is one of them, others are insurable interest, utmost good faith, subrogation, division and proximate cause (Marwa, 2007). Insurance is an intricate economic and social device for the handling of risks to life and property. It is social in nature because it represents the various co-operations of various individuals for mutual benefits by combining together funds to reduce the consequence of similar risk. Insurance is the placing back of a person who has suffered a loss in the same position he was before loss occurred. It aims to eradicate the consequence of a loss by not allowing the insured to suffer the consequential loss. However, unless one meets the requirements of all the basic principles of insurance, he will be estopped from claiming under an insurance contract (Holzheu, 2006).Risk is the uncertainty about an outcome in a given situation. An event might occur, and if it does, it leaves us in unfavourable position. Insurance therefore is one of the most naturalised techniques of risk transfer. Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism by which one exchanges uncertainty for certainty. It is a risk reducing investment in which the purchaser pays a small fixed amount (premium) to be protected from a potentially large loss. An entity seeking to transfer risk becomes the insured party once risk is assumed by the insurer, the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance policy (Shavell, 1979). The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the premium (Dionne and Doherty, 19 94). Insurance principles are the basic doctrines that guide the practice of insurance. They include insurable interest, utmost good faith, proximate cause, indemnity, subrogation and contribution (Marwa, 2007). While life effrontery is guided only by the first three, non-life insurance (including motor) is guided by all the six principles.2.1.4 tender InsuranceInsurance is not always practiced in this ideal commercial situation as described above as there are some people in society who face risks that they cannot afford to deal with themselves and require a social approach to insurance. Social insurance (SI) is defined as a device for pooling of risks and their transfer to an organisation usually governmental that is required by law to provide pecuniary or service benefits to or on behalf of covered persons upon the occurrence of certain pre-designated losses (Vaughan, 1989).In SI individual equity is secondary in importance to the social adequacy of the benefits (Carin, 2004). Benefits are weighed in favour of certain groups so that all persons will be provided a minimum flow of protection. SI does not exclude anyone who belongs to a group that qualifies for coverage nor does it charge risk related premiums. SI includes Social Health Insurance (SHI), which deals with the risk of ill health. Health Insurance as a source of financing for health care is a system in which potential customers of health care make an advance payment to an insurance scheme, which in the event of future health service utilization will pay the provider of care some or all the direct expenses incurred (Criel, 1997).The International Labour Organisation (ILO) provides a guideline for an initial minimum package for social health insurance (SHI) which includes general practitioners care such as home visits, hospitalization where necessary, specialists care in hospitals, essential pharmaceutical supplies and prenatal, maternity and postnatal care by medical practitioners or qualified mi dwives. (ILO, 1952). SHI is guided by the basic assumption that health is a basic human right and insurance is a tool to advance its implementation whereas Private Health Insurance (PHI) on the other hand views health as a cluster of risks, insurance of which is a profitable economic activity. (UN, 1948 1997, WHO 1978). This brings forth the argument that society should provide at least basic health care to all citizens. However, attainment of this status is usually gradual and has to be within a set legal frame work as is illustrated in the examples provided below.For instance in Belgium during 1851 a special law officially acknowledging the sickness funds (referred to as mutual health funds) was enacted. Sickness funds were based on occupational groups and were rather small-scale. During 1894 registration provided the legal entry of these funds with a broader scope of activities, while they could henceforth benefit from government subsidies. Subsequently mutual health funds from the same political or ideological background combined into national alliances or unions. Until early 1940s membership to mutual health funds had been voluntary. In 1944 a decree was adopted to make health insurance compulsory for all salaried workers.In Israel the first health insurance fund, the KUPAT HOLIM CLALIT (General Sickness Fund), was founded in 1911 by agricultural workers in collective settlements (Kibbutz) which during 1920 was taken over by the HISTANDRUT (General Federation of Labour) and became one of its political power bases (Carin, 2004). In 1920 three other health insurance funds were established and by 1948 when Israel gained statehood, 53% of the population was covered 80% being members of general sickness funds. By 1995 when National Health Insurance Law was voted 96% of the population was covered. like a shot it is the duty of every resident to register as a member in one of the existing funds (Holzheu, 2006).Meanwhile the origin of SHI in japan is the deve lopment of voluntary confederation health insurance scheme in the nineteenth century. In 1935 a community health insurance scheme (having rice as a pre-paid contribution and basic care as the main benefit) was established in the Fukuoka Prefecture. In the 1930s government encouraged the replication of community health insurance on a National Citizens Health Insurance law based on community financing principle but with cash-based contribution was proclaimed and implemented. The law was designed to meet the needs of poor in underserved rural villages, the farmers and self-employed workers in rural communities and small companies. It was initially run on voluntary basis (Carin, 2004). In 1922 a law was voted establishing compulsory insurance for selected groups of workers and by 1945 employee health insurance together with National Citizens Health Insurance covered 60% of the population. Legislation establishing compulsory insurance for all was finally adopted during 1958 and was impl emented in 1961 (Carin, 2004).

Effects of trade barriers

Effects of contend parapetsChapter 1Introduction plow is an alter of service and goods for new(prenominal) services and goods or for money, concern ( 2010). The paper discusses about the effects of mess roadblocks on foreign cope, i.e. to identify one or more(prenominal) variables (inflation, exile hail, responsibility, remittances, population, gross municipal product deflator and exchange rate) in the vignette that effect international stack the most(prenominal).A craft barrier is a commonplace term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international interchange (Trade barrier, 2010).The problem discussed is the effect of deal barriers on international handicraft. In order to address the problem, two hypotheses give up been veritable and tested. distributively hypothesis explains the effect of variables as barrier to international trade.Secondary data of deuce-ace geezerhood comprised on year 2005-2007, collected from the sourc e World Trade Organization (WTO). The statistical tool applied to test the hypothesis is multi-variate regression model as there ar more than one independent variable and one dependent variable. The independent variables identified in this paper be (Inflation, Exchange Rate, Remittances, gross domestic product, Tariff, Population and Transportation hail) the dependent variable are (Imports and Exports). The statistical conduce of the hypothesis testing target be seen in the following chapters.InflationGenerally inflation is defined as a rise in the general train of prices of goods and services over time, where as most of the economist define inflation as a rise in the prices of some specific cause of goods or services, it is important to understand that the rise in prices is for specific aline of goods and services and it should be constant, as well as a rise in price of one good or service as compared to other does not mean an make up in inflation it should be summationd for all product or service. Inflation is amountd as the percentage rate of change of a price index (Haq Hussain, 2008).Measures of InflationThere are some(prenominal) measures of inflation each for assorted sector,Consumer Price Indices (CPI)CPI measures the price of goods and services purchased by a consumer (Haq Hussain, 2008).Cost-of-Living Indices (COLI)Are indices similar to the CPI which is often utilise to fix fixed and contractual incomes (Haq Hussain, 2008).Producer Price Indices(PPIs) measures the prices acknowledged by manufacturers. This differs from the CPI in that price subsidization, income, and taxes may cause the amount acknowledged by the producer to differ from what the bribeer paid. Producer price inflation measures the pressure being put on producers by the appeals of their raw materials. This could be passed on as consumer inflation, or it could be absorbed by profits, or offset by increasing productivity (Haq Hussain, 2008).Commodity Price Indice s(CPI) measures the price of a selection of commodities. In the present commodity price indices are weighted by the relative importance of the components to the all in cost of an employee (Haq Hussain, 2008).GDP DeflatorGDP deflator is a measure of the price of all the goods and services included in Gross municipal Product (GDP) (Haq Hussain, 2008).Capital Goods Price IndexSo far (CGPI) has not been established, where as several economists have recently pointed out the necessity of measuring with child(p) goods inflation (inflation in the price of stocks, real estate, and other assets) separately.Indeed a given up increase in the supply of money back end lead to a rise in inflation ( economic consumption goods inflation) and or to a rise in capital goods price inflation.The appendage in money supply has remained fairly constant through since the 1970s however consumption goods price inflation has been cut because most of the inflation has happened in the capital goods prices , Haq Hussain (2008), where as there are two common known measures widely reported in many countries, i.e. CPI and GDP Deflator.The above chart shows the trade of world developed countries in terms of exports and imports, the amount is in US meg dollars, the next chart is of inflation of the developed countries of the world, the purpose is to compare and analyze the countries inflation rate and trade in order to examine the shock caused by inflation on countries trade.As it can be seen that each commonwealth has different impact of inflation on its imports and exports, for instance Australia inflation rate was 2.30% in year 2007 where as its exports were 142 million dollars and its imports were clx billion dollars, similarly for Canada its inflation rate was 2.10% and its exports were 431.1 billion dollars and its imports were 386.4 billion dollars, therefore if a comparison is made amid these countries it can be seen that every commonwealth has a different impact of inflation on its trade, hence it can be said that the savvy for this difference of change is the size of unsophisticateds economic and financial structure.TariffA tax is a tax forced on an imported or exported commodities. In general dialect, however, it has come to mean import duties supercharged at the time goods are imported (Parkin, 1996).According to Japans customs tariff law a tariff a tax based on the step of measure outment of prices or volume of imported goods (Tariff, 2010). Functions of TariffThere are three major functions of tariffsTo serve as a basis of incomeTo protect domestic industries andTo remedy trade distortions (corrective function) (Functions of Tariff, 2010).The Income FunctionThe income function simply means that the income from tariffs provides governments with a source of tax revenue. In the past, the income function was indeed a major reason for applying tariffs, for instance Japan generates about 845 billion yen in tariff revenue per year, which represent s approximately 1.9 percent of innate tax revenue (Meti, 2010).Protection of home(prenominal) IndustriesTariffs are likewise used as a policy tool to protect domestic industries from competition of merchandise goods, as well as tariffs are also used as a source of protection of market access from foreign exporters (Meti, 2010).Remedy to Trade DistortionsCorrective tariffs are used as a remedy for trade distortions caused by companies to injure domestic industry, for instance anti-dumping agreement is used to impose duties on companies exporting goods that are specifically banned and cause damage to domestic industry of importing terra firma (Meti, 2010).RemittanceRemittance can be defined as sums of money that a migratory worker sends back to his or her clownish of origin (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004).Remittance plays a vital source of income for developing country economies, as well as millions of item-by-item households, predominantly poor women and their children. Unlike aid or concealed investment hangs, remittance reaches the poor directly, and the poor decide how the money is spent. Importantly, remittance services also offer a means for monetary institutions to increase their outreach and significance to poor clients (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004).For instance the openhandedst remitting countries in terms of volume are the United States with remittances amounting to $28.4 billion, Saudi Arabia with remittances amounting to $15.1 billion and Germany with remittances amounting to $8.2 billion (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004).In the break down feather, Ratha (2003), it was tack together that more than three-quarters of remittances go to lower mid-income and low income developing countries. India receives the largest volume of remittance mounting to $10 billion, then Mexico with $9.9 billion, followed by the Philippines with $6.4 billion (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004).Exchange RateThe price of one countrys currency expr essed in another countrys currency. In other words, the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. For instance, the higher the exchange rate for one euro in terms of oneyen,the lower the relative repute of the yen (Investopedia , 2010).Exchange Rate and TradeExchange rate is one of the important factors in an open economy since it affects so many business, investment and strategic decisions. Various empirical studies have been conducted to assess the influence of exchange rate on trade balance, with the objective of providing valuable inputs to policy makers on the usefulness of exchange rate policy such as devaluation-based alteration policies (effected through nominal exchange rate) to balance a countrys foreign trade for instance, Greenwood (1984), Himarios (1989), Rose Yellen (1989) provided the evidence of dealingship surrounded by exchange rate and trade balance.In a con, Oskooee (2001) verbalise that appreciation of exchange rate directly affects a count ry trade as it can be used as an effort to increase international competitiveness and help to improve its trade balance. On the other hand it was also reported in the learning that wear and tear of exchange rate increases exports by making exports fairly cheaper, and daunt imports by making imports fairly more expensive, thus improving trade balance(Liew, Lim, Hussain, 2000).Japan and ASEANA lead conducted using trade balance data from year 1986 to 1999 between Japan and 5 ASEAN countries to examine the impact of exchange rate on countries trade balance. It was found in the chew over that the usage of exchange rate changes in initiating changes in the trade balances has been overstated. It is widely expected that the decrease of ASEAN-5 exchange rates with consider to Japanese yen would improve these economies trade balances with Japan during the sample period of poll (Liew, Lim, Hussain, 2000).Gross Domestic ProductGross domestic product is the value of collective or total production of goods and services in a country during a given time period (Parkins, 1996).Measures of GDPThere are two common measures of GDP namelyExpenditure Approach.Factor Income Approach.Expenditure ApproachIn expenditure approach the GDP is measured by adding consumption expenditure, investment, government purchase of goods and services and net exports (Parkins, 1996).Factor Income ApproachIn factor income approach the GDP is measured by adding all the incomes paid by the firms to household for the services of factor of production, for example compensation of employees, net interest, rental income, and profits paid for entrepreneurship (Parkins, 1996).Chapter 2Literature ReviewTransportation Cost europiumA comparative translate, Conlon (1981), was conducted in 1981 between Australia and Canada to investigate the role of transportation cost as a trade barrier in trade flow of both the countries. It was found in the drive that in Australia nominal transport be contribute over 40 per cent of the trade barrier in its trade flow, where as in Canada transport costs provide over 17 per cent of the total barriers.In the study by, Casas choi (1985), it was found that transportation cost being the trade barrier has two affects on the country economy 1) implicit tariff effect, 2) imaginativeness cost effect.The Implicit Cost EffectIn the implicit cost effect, Casas choi (1985) an increase in transportation costs affects the trade flows by increasing the domestic comparative price of the imported goods.Resource Cost EffectIn the choice cost effect, Casas choi (1985) an increase in transportation cost, shifts productive resources from traded goods to the transport sector, i.e. in case of increase in transportation cost, the resources used to produce goods domestically were allocated for payments of transportation bills repayable to which production of domestic goods suffered.United KingdomSimilarly an empirical study, Binkley Harrer (1981), conducted in the United Kingdom to examine the role of transportation cost as trade barrier, it was found that Transportation costs between countries pose a formidable barrier to trade, similar to other trade barriers such as tariffs. This study was further supported by the study of Sampson and Yeats in which it was concluded that transport costs to be a more noteworthy trade barrier for United Kingdom exports than tariffs, (Sampson Yeats Binkley 1978 Harrer 1981). Similarly another study conducted in the United Kingdom also concluded that transportation cost is more effective trade barrier as compared to tariffs (Sampson yeats, 1978 Binkley Harrer 1981).United StatesA similar study by, Finger Yeats (1976), conducted in the United States gave the similar conclusion that that effective guard through international transportation costs is at least as high as that due to tariffs, Geraci Prewo (1977). In a study it was concluded by the author that progressive reduction in the transportation cost resulted in the harvesting of trade between United States and Europe, Shiue (2002). Similarly another study conducted in the United States also concluded that transportation cost is more effective trade barrier.AfricaA study conducted in Africa to examine the effect of transportation cost on African trade, the results indicated that there is a very little trade flow within the Africa and the rest of the world, due to strict trade policies, for example fit in to, Collier (1995), Collier Gunning (1999), Limo and Venables (2001), There is a common belief that Africa trades too little both with itself and with the rest of the world. The poor performance is typically attributed to protectionist trade policies and high transport costs. Similarly another study concluded that the reason behind the low trade is the poor infrastructure and inappropriate transport policies (Amjadi Yeats 1995 Limo Venables, 2001).AustraliaA study conducted in Australia, Sampson Yeats (1977) to identify t he trade barriers causing decline in Australian exports, it was found in the study that transportation cost is a major contributor to decline in export as compared to tariffs, in other words it can be said that 66 percent of the total Australian exports are decline due to transportation cost. ChinaA study conducted in china by studying various trends in trade barriers, the purpose of the study was to identify trade barriers affecting Chinese exports, and it was found in the study that transportation cost is a major trade barrier as compared to tariffs and local markups (Li, 2007).TanzaniaAn empirical study, Kweka (2001) conducted for developing countries such as Tanzania it was found in the study that transportation cost as a trade barrier have two impacts on the economyIt reduces the export competitiveness, Kweka (2001), since the cost incurred by the producer and cost paid by the buyer is widens by the high transportation cost. In other words it can be said that due to the increas e in transportation cost most of the export orders to developing countries such as Tanzania are declined.The second impact, Kweka (2001) on the economy of developing countries is a imperative impact, due to high transportation cost the trade of locally produced goods increases, this is due to the fact that the gap between the prices of locally produce goods and imported goods become so wide that it becomes nearly impossible for the people of importing country to buy imported goods as a result 95 percent of the purchases are made off locally produce goods. Ultimately leading a growth in the overall economy. TariffThere are number of studies conducted to examine the impact of tariff as a trade barrier, for instance in a study it has been found that tariff and capital controls lead to trade deformation. Where as on the other hand it has also been that found tariff barriers in the importing countries tend to have a disallow, though insignificant, effect on exports of countries (T. Tam irisa, 1999).Another study examining the impact of tariff as barrier on trade found that tariff has a significant banish effect on mutual exports, in part because of significant trade cost, where as in presence of tariff barrier the impact on imports is comparatively weak (T. Tamirisa, 1999).One more study examining the impact of tariff as a barrier in trade found that tariff is one of the significant factor of mutual trade mediate countries, as compared to country size wealth, exchange and capital controls, while tariff rate significantly reduce export of developing and transition economy (T. Tamirisa, 1999).A study conducted to examine the relationship between trade barriers and trade flow. The study identified number of barriers such as exchange control, tariff, NTBs, it has been found that tariff is one of the major trade barrier as compared to exchange control and NTBs. The study also concluded that tariff with other barriers of trade tend to reduce the volume of trade, as w ell as tariff alone have a depressing impact on the mutual trade of countries (Lee Swagel, 1997).The study also provided the evidence that country having bi-lateral trade is affected by tariff charges as a result it does not only have a strong negative effect imports but it acts as a substantial barrier to export also. last study concluded that tariff act as a barrier to both imports and exports of a country (Lee Swagel, 1997).Another study conducted in year 1993 by lee to examine the distortion caused by tariff in international trade found that tariffs charges lower the long-run growth rates more significantly in a country that needs to import more under a free trade regime. As well as government discourse in terms of imposing a tariff on the imports of foreign goods leads to the increase in price paid by the domestic purchaser i.e. (1 + 7) multiplication the price received by foreign exporters (lee, 1993).Therefore it can be said that, tariff has two effects on the economy, na mely the deformation of resource distribution and the transfer of income, distortion effect of tariffs always decrease the steady-state levels of the capital stock, output, and consumption. Where as transfer of income help to retain the income earned through exports within the country, in presence of tariff where as in absence of tariff same income earned through export is used to settle import bills. On the other hand the study also concluded that when the tariff rates are high, the productivity of public input diminishes thus, higher tariffs always lead to lower growth rates (lee, 1993).Empirical studies have found that tariff liberalization would transfer trade from the rich to the poor and from the local to the global. It has been estimated that the elimination of tariffs would create more trade for poor countries than for richer countries. They also imply that tariff elimination would divert trade away from continental preferential trading areas (lai zhu, 2004).The study provi ded the evidence that tariffs, and distance-related barriers and production costs are important factors affecting bilateral trade flow, where as tariff being the major element affecting the trade flow (lai zhu, 2004).For instance the trade among OECD countries is free form tariff charges where as non OECD countries have the highest tariff charges. As a result, the impact of tariffs on trade within OECD countries is likely little(prenominal) than 3.7% whereas the impact of tariffs on trade among non-OECD countries likely exceeds 3.7% (lai zhu, 2004).PopulationThere are number of studies conducted to examine the impact of population on trade. These studies discussed various questions regarding the benefits of openness of trade between countries for instance, who gains from an opening of the borders between two neighboring countries? Will any country lose as borders are opened? Is it the small country or the large country that benefits most? (Shachmurove Spiegel, 2004)It is general perception that countries with large populations having no trade tend to have larger profits at the expense of consumers i.e. since there is no foreign producer in the country all the profits earned through production is solely taken by the country it self in simple words it can be said monopoly. Where as if the same country having trade with other countries or foreign producers are trading in the country tends to reduce its profits, as part of the profit is taken by foreign exporter. On the other hand keeping the same scenario for a country with small population tend to have lower profits in the absence of trade and it will further see a decline in its profits with the presence of foreign producer (Shachmurove Spiegel, 2004).There are number of studies conducted that provided the evidence that countries having population aging problems have direct impact on the country trade, for instance a study by, Kenc Sayan (2001), showed that changes in age composition of population are lik ely to affect saving and expenditure patterns, the resulting changes in composition of rent are expected to affect comparative prices between expenditure and investment goods. On the supply side, the decline in labor supply and the slow down in capital formation associated with population aging had cause changes in capital-labor ratios. As a result it alters relative factor prices and leads to second-round effects on resource allocation. Furthermore, since the changes in the relative capital intensities across traded and non-traded sectors affect real exchange rates and trade patterns, they are expected to create additional effects on partner country economies as well (Sayan Uyar, 2002).On the other hand if the countries experiencing population aging are large in the international trade, where as their partners are small and have not yet faced a population aging problem themselves. In other words, commodities and capital traded at the terms set by large economies may make these sm all countries vulnerable to the effects of population aging even if they have relatively young populations (Sayan Uyar, 2002).Gross Domestic Product (GDP)There are number of studies conducted to examine the impact of gross domestic product (GDP) on trade (imports exports) of a country, for instance a study conducted using gravity equation to examine the impact of gdp on exports of a country, the study classified the sample into three categories a) homogeneous goods, b) differentiated goods, and c) an in-between category (Feenstra, Markusen Rose, 2001).It found in the study that if a trade of one country with another move from homogeneous goods to differentiated goods, then the stretch of exports with take note to GDP rises considerably (Feenstra, Markusen Rose, 2001).The finding of the study is empirically strong and significant both economically and statistically, as well as the study also stated that the GDP of the exporting country is found to be a powerful illustrative vari able in the comparative strength of bilateral trade relations (Feenstra, Markusen Rose, 2001).Another study conducted in India to examine the impact of various economic variables such as (distance, GDP, population, tariff, and exchange rate) on Indian trade flows. Previous studies have also been conducted using gravity model to examine the impact of economic variables on trade flows, it was reported in the forward studies that distance has a negative and significant impact on trade where as GDP and population have a positive and significant impact on trade flows (Srinivasan Archana, 2008). overly the preceding(prenominal) studies, the study conducted in India reported the similar findings, i.e. larger distance reduces mutual trade and a larger GDP and population of the trading countries increase trade. It was also found in the study that size of the economy is an important influential factor explaining the inflow and outflow of goods and services.A study similar to previous stud ies was conducted to examine the impact of gdp on trade flows of a country. The study supported the findings of the previous studies that tariff barrier of importing country have a negative and significant impact on exporting countries, where as the study also reported that the larger gdp and population have a positive impact on bilateral exports of countries (Tamirisa, 1999).A study conducted by, Ghartey (1993), using economic data of three countries (United States, Japan and Taiwan) to examine the impact of gdp of each country on its trade flows, it was found in the study that United states GDP promoted its exports, where as for Japan and Taiwan the impact was opposite (Chen, 2009).Similarly another study conducted by, Jung Marshall (1985), to examine the relationship between GDP and exports, the study used thirty one years of GDP and exports data from year 1950 to year 1981 for 37 developing countries, it was found in the study that there is no relationship between GDP and expor ts of 37 developing countries except Israel (Chen, 2009).ChinaA study conducted in china by, Shen (1999) to examine the relationship between exports and GDP, the study used twenty one years of exports and GDP data from year 1977 to year 1998, the study found that there is a short term relationship between the Chinese GDP and exports, where there is no long term relationship between the two variables (Chen, 2009).PakistanA study conducted in Pakistan to examine the impact of GDP on Pakistan trade flows, it was found in the study that an increase in GDP i.e. increase in domestic income results in increase in imports, for instance a one-percent increase in Pakistan GDP increases imports from US and Japan by an equivalent percent. Where as if compared to UK and Germany the trade flow is positive and small but not significant (Akhtar Malik, 2000).InflationWhat exactly is inflation? A persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods and services. Inflation occurs when the price level rises from one period to the next (Robinson, 2007).The Impact of Inflation on International TradeA study conducted in U.S, Robinson (2007) to investigate the impact of inflation on international trade and small business. It was found that inflation creates uncertainty that discourages productive activity, savings and investing and in the long run reduces the competitiveness of a country in international trade. It was also found that if inflation is not offset by a nation with a less valuable currency, the U.S.s exports become more expensive and less attractive. This makes other countries imports more attractive. As a result this forms an economy of unbalanced trade with more minify U.S. economy and international trade (Robinson, 2007).Inflation has many disadvantages it creates uncertainty, in that people do not know what the m oney they earn today buy tomorrow. This uncertainty discourages productive activity, saving and investing. Inflation reduces the competitiveness of the country in international trade. If inflation is not offset by a nation with a less valuable currency, the U.S.s exports become more expensive and less attractive. This makes other countries imports more attractive. This forms an economy of unbalanced trade which results in a much more reduced U.S. economy (Robinson, 2007).Inflation and TradeA study conducted, Fitoussi (2007), to investigate the impact of inflation on trade found that in the last 15 years or so, disinflation and the increase of world trade seem to have gone hand in hand. It was found that in the past three decades a downwards trend in inflation caused an inward trend in world trade (Fitoussi, 2007).The first fact that can be observed is that the past three decades were characterized both by an upward trend in world trade (measured as exports over GDP) and a downward trend in inflation (measured as yearly change in CPI) (Fitoussi, 2007).RemittancesIn general remittances are defined as a portion of the earnings a migrant sends to relatives back home, IMF (2010). It has been estimated that workers migrated to different countries send home between US$ 2000 to US$ 5000 a year, i.e. in terms of percentage around 20% to 30% of their income. It has been found in the previous researches that poor countries receive larger amount of remittances as compared to high income countries for instance In 2007, the top three recipients of remittances India, China, and Mexico-each received over $25 billion. But small and poorer countries tend to receive relatively larger remittances when the size of the economy is taken into account. Expressing remittances as a administer of GDP, the top recipients were Tajikistan (36 percent), Moldova (36 percent), Tonga (32 percent) and Kyrgyz Republic (27percent).Remittances as a share of GDP amounted to 3.6 percent of GDP in low-income countries in 2006 compared to 1.7 percent in middle-income countries (Ratha Mohapatra, 2007).Numbers of studies have been conducted to examine the impact of remittances on the trade of a country these studies provided a mix of evidence regarding the impact of remittances on countries trade, for instance some studies provided the evidence that remittances can improve a countrys creditworthiness and thereby enhance its access to international capital markets for financing infrastructure and other development projects, in other words it can be said that increase in inflow of remittances increase the foreign reserves of a country, hence it enhances the ability of a country to meet its foreign trade obligations (paying of import bills).This enhancement of country ability indicates a sign of increase in its economic activity as a result it attracts foreign investors and foreign export orders (Ratha Mohapatra, 2007).For instance the ratio of debt to exports of goods and servic es, a nominate indebtedness indicator, would increase significantly if remittances were excluded from the denominator.Exchange RateTurkeyA study conducted, Vergil (2001), to investigate the impact of exchange rate volatility on Turkish trade flows comprising on 10 years data from year 1990 to year 2000. It was found in the study that exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on Turkish trade flows. AfricaA study conducted to analyze the impact of exchange rate volatility on African countries trade flows. The study used 33 sub-Saharan African countries exchange rate macro-economic performance indicators data. It was found in the study that exchange rates contributed a great deal towards Africas poor economic performance, Ghura Grennes (1993), i.e. overvaluation in exchange rate resulted in lower level of exports, lower level of real GDP per Capita and lower level of Savings (Shatz Tarr 1990).G-7 CountriesA study conducted by international monetary fund to investigate the impa ct of exchange fluctuation on world trade, in the study the G-7 countries trade was taken as world trade. The purpose of the study was to compare the results of IMF 1984 study a

Religion in the World Today Essays -- Religious Religions Essays

Religion in the World Today Taking a look at world religion, we will look at different countries from different parts of the world analyzing the different religious problems and human rights violations. The overall question that we propose is is there a simple solution to these problems and what backside be done about them? Throughout history, the lower class those who are considered poor, minorities, and women, have been taken advantage of, denied their inalienable rights, and forced into unfavorable situations. Even in the United States within the last century, women have been denied the right to vote. Minorities, such(prenominal) as Afri foundation Americans, were denied equal treatment. Blacks were legally obligated to separate themselves from places that were considered white only. Certain schools, restaurants, and other public places, were the locations for the cause of embarrassment and social inferiority. This discrimination and denial of inalienable rights , however, has not historically happened only in the United States. On the international level, many another(prenominal) countries experience social animosity, specifically due to religious tensions. In Mexico and Central America, there is a longsighted tradition of the non-cooperation of human rights, human rights activism in these countries can be traced back to the first Indian freedom- fighters against Spanish rule, over five- hundred years ago. (www.amnesty.org) Even during the past history of civil conflict in countries such as Guatemala and El Salvador, people have demonstrated for basic human rights and personal and religious freedoms. Among the religious conflicts between the nations and its people, there is also a long tradition of persecution of the autonomy of in... ...and Mexico Human Rights defenders on the Line Update. 3/4/2003. http//web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/Index/AMR020041996?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIESEL+SALVADOR 10/12/1996 Center for Reduction of Religio us-based conflict.3/3/2003 aps.naples.net/ connection/NFNWebpages/storyboard.cfm?StoryBoardNum=142&PageNum=140 Defining human rights The nature of Human Rights Commonly Accepted Postulates. 2/24/2003. www.britanica.com Human Right Violations-Its Happening Now and Most tidy sum Dont know about it or Dont Want To Know About It, But People Are Suffering So A Few People at the Top Can Have A Lot More Money Than They Deserve. 3/5/2003. http//hometown.aol.com/violin39/opinions/index.htm United States Policies in Support of Religious Freedom strain on Christians. 2/16/2003. http//www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/970722_relig_rpt_christian.htm.

The Relationship between Rhetoric and Social Conflict :: essays research papers

The Relationship between hot air and Social ConflictIn nightspot in that location are daily occurrences that happen as a result of empty words, which then question and mold our individuality. How we react to these responses define us as a society and can then cause us to have a conflict socially. These occurrences challenge our perceptions allowing us to think independently about each issue. Without the linkage of rhetoric and conflict, we would have a difficult time justifying our understanding of these issues.A reaction to rhetoric can also characterize us from each other in a way that creates a singular identity. This individuality combined with the identities of others, make up our community and allow rhetoric and conflict to occur almost naturally. To foster explain why rhetoric and conflict are so important we must understand the importance of this issue, in trying to relate everyday activities as examples of rhetoric and conflict. Our Society creates certain rhetorical id eologies, which are contained in social institutions, such as churches, communities, or clubs, in which conformity is a must. These ideologies bring passel together to stand behind a common interest and fight for their own beliefs, morals, and values. It is when these social institutions collide with each other that social conflict is form and problems arise.In order to understand the relationship between rhetoric and social conflict one must be open to define these terms adequately. Rhetoric is the ability to use words effectively in order to receive a response that is either positive or negative. To create a positive response, a person might appeal to the emotions of another who is sympathetic to the situation or who is currently involved with the same experience. They may use familiar experiences and memories to benefactor the response take its shape. An example of this would be in the article The Cigarette as Representational Ideograph in the Debate over Environmental baccy Smoke by Mark Moore. Moore describes both sides of this controversy of smoker and antismoker rights, but when reading this article both sides are conformed to their own beliefs and support them quite well. Smokers discuss their rights as an American and their right to liberty, while anti-smoking activists talk about the hazards of second hand smoke discovered by scientific knowledge (Moore 48). The ideas of both sides make up an ideology, which is explicit over and over again through their justifications. Only a smoker can sympathize with a fellow smoker when explaining the right to be able to smoke in public.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essays -- A Dolls House Essays

Henrik Isben?s A Doll?s House is the story of a man and a charwoman who have been married for eight years but are not really in love. Although at the first of the story we see a regular family, underneath there lies a dark secret. Torvald Helmer, the husband, is a lawyer who has been unsuccessful in the past because he would not accept a shady case. This has stage the couple and their children in a great financial struggle and this forces him to turn elsewhere for employment. He ends up working at a local bank, lay an end to the family struggle. At the start of the story we see Nora Helmer, his wife, coming in from town with several small wrapped packages and a Christmas tree. She is a very infantile acting woman but on the same note, she is also very deceptive and cunning. Nora has kept a secret from her husband ever since they moved from their experience home. Torvald was very sick and Nora was pregnant with their first child. Nora?s convey was on his deathbed as wel l. Torvald?s doctor confided in Nora that if Torvald didn?t move south therefore he was going to die. Since they hadn?t the money to do so, Nora takes it upon herself to borrow the money, which was not allowed solely by a woman. In order to get the loan she and her father had to sign the papers. Seeing her father?s condition, she forged his signature. She told her husband that the money was a gift from her father so he would not feel obligated(predicate) to her forever. The money that Nora borrowed is almost paid off at this point and she was excited. Then the story takes a sudden turn. According to Maurice Valency, ?Nora as yet the earnest and innocent child who was sure there could be no harm in forging her father?s signature, provided her motives were good? (253). The man from who... ...er inability to be certain and all that had occurred.BibliographyWorks CitedDowns, Brian. test Date 1950. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 37 pg 239-243.Isben, Henrick. A Doll? s House. 1879. Kirszner & Mandell. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Fourth Edition. Harcourt College Publishers.Northam, John. Essay Date 1960. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 37, pg. 249.Salome, Lou. Essay Date 1892. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 37, pg. 226-231.Thomas, David. Essay Date 1983. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 37, pg. 258-260.Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 8, pg. 140-141.Valency, Maurice. Essay Date 1963. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 37, pg. 253Weigand, Hermann J. Essay Date 1925. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 37 pg. 233-235.

Group Climate Essay -- essays research papers

Group ClimateGroup climate consists of the overall aspect that is displayed within a group. This includes the aspects of honesty, openness, consistency and respect according to Teamwork by Lefasto and Larson. When evaluating the characteristics of group climate in a aggroup, the most prevalent component to examine is trust. devote yields respect, acknowledgement, cohesiveness, a bridge between cultural differences and above all else, sensitivity to ideas being expressed so a consensus shadower be reached. However, as pointed come forth by Teamwork, trust is extremely fragile. If trust can be maintained and non breached, a team has defeated one of the few obstacles that inhibit the team from attaining their ultimate goal. This is because trust breeds belief in other team members, respect in their actions, and efficiency, as the group will not have to spend peculiar(a) time ironing out problems that may arise when a breach of trust occurs.Due to trusts fragility, a breaking of trust can come do to a number of seemingly insignificant circumstances. Such circumstances include a member coming late to a meeting, not being prepared, presenting illogical and not well thought-out ideas, inconsistency in behavior, holding back opinions, etc. In order to avoid such circumstances, team members essential have a clear vision of their goal and have a certain degree of zeal concerning the purpose of their task. To create these two ideals, it is suggested that the first act a group collaborates to achi...

Strategic Plan :: essays research papers

PartnershipsBecause public and private interests in downtown are so inextricably entwined, it is essential that all told interested parties work cooperatively to identify and achieve shared objectives. Both public and private investments shape the character of the downtown environment in terms of how it looks and how it functions. Only if these investments are coordinated can maximum benefits be obtained. When the Center City foreign mission initiated a strategic plan in 1999, it was responding to the recognized claim for a collaborative planning process that both articulated long-range directions for downtown Memphis and identified short-range action steps to help reach those goals. ii years later, the results of that effort are impressive. In addition to millions of dollars in private and public investment for capital projects, Downtown Memphis has managed to retainAlso significant is the perk up improvement in public perceptions of Downtown as measured in the survey conduc ted by the Center City Commission.While the progress has been considerable, challenges remain, and new trends and influences incur both opportunities and threats to continued prosperity for Downtown Memphis. In light of this, the 2002 strategical Plan Update planning process was initiated for the purpose of re-examining the issues and priorities established in 1999 Strategic Plan and developing an action plan for the next five to seven years. The process of preparing the Revised Strategic Plan and fulfilling the aforementioned goals was heavily staff set but a number of groups were involved in the refinement of the work product and the adoption of the recommendations. Public Meetings throughout the City were held to give downtown stakeholders (property owners, business organisation owners, developers, residents) the opportunity to share their visions and to review the proposed goals of the Center City Commission.In addition to the input from the public meetings, many interested citizens wrote letters to the Center City Commission and completed a survey that was placed on our website, www.downtownmemphis.com.Survey results----The long-term goals for the development of the Central Business Improvement District reflect the publics value of some very basic items, such as safety, transportation, usability, and appearance. The goals also reinforce the publics appreciation of several major anchors within Downtown the Riverfront, the Main Street Mall, center city neighborhoods, and cultural attractionsthat make Memphis unique. A Thriving Central Business DistrictBackground on Economic Conditions.(information rancid of our Fact Sheets)HousingOfficeRetailQuality of LifeTourismSustaining Main Street MallThe single most important element in any downtown is its Main Street, the street where retail activity should be concentrated.